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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES

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Title: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES


1
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
  • According prof Ya. Bodnar
  • (Frank H. Netters illustrations)

2
Pneumonia
  • Pneumonia is a disease, which unites the large
    group of various different etiology
    inflammations, pathogeny and morphological
    description of respirator department of lung.

3
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIAS
4
VIRAL PNEUMONIAS
5
OPPORTUNISTIC PNEUMONIAS
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Pneumonia
  • Pneumonia is the acute infectious disease, mainly
    bacterial etiology, which is characterized by the
    area of defeat of lung respiratory departments
    and presence of intraalveolar exudation.
  • ( Order of health service ministry of
    Ukraine  499 from 28.10.03.)

7
INFECTIOUS AGENTS CAUSING PNEUMONIA
Class Etiologic Agent Type of Pneumonia
Bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli Yersinia pestis Legionella pneumophila Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus Bacteroides Fusobacterium Veillonella Legionnaires disease Aspiration (anaerobic) pneumonia Bacterial pneumonias
Actinomycetes Actinomyces israelii Nocardia asteroides Pulmonary nocardiosis Pulmonary actinomycosis
Fungi Coccidioides immitis Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatitidis Aspergillus Phycomycetes Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Blastomycosis Aspergillosis Mucormycosis
Rickettsia Coxiella burnetii Q fever
Chlamydia Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis Ornithosis
Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmal pneumonia
Viruses Influenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc Viral pneumonia
Protozoa Pneumocystis carinii Pneumocystis pneumonia (plasma cell pneumonia)
8
Classification of pneumonias after M.S. Molchanov
  • according to etiology
  • bacterial, viral, ?rnitosic, ricketsic,
    mycoplasmic, mycotic, mixed, allergic,
    cryptogenic etiology
  • according to pathogeny
  • primary, secondary (hypostatic, pin (contactic),
    aspiratic, traumatic, postoperative, toxic,
    thermal, at the infectious diseases)

9
Continuation of classification after M.S.
Molchanov
  • according to clinic-morphologic manifestation
  • parenchimatic (croupous (lobar) and
    bronchopneumonia (lobular), interstitial.
  • according to localization and extension
  • one-side (left- or right-side), among them
    total, lobar, segmental, lobular, bilateral
  • according to severity of process
  • heavy, middle severity, easy and abortive forms
  • according to motion
  • acute, protracted (more than 4 weeks).

10
Classification of pneumonias
(Ministry of Health of Ukraine Order 499
28/10/03)
  • Nohospital (pneumococcuss, respiratory viruses,
    micoplasma)
  • Hospital (nosokomial) - in 2-3 days after
    entering into hospital (klebsiella, hemophilic
    stick, anaerobic microflora, staphylococcuss)
  • Aspiration
  • Pneumonia in persons which have the heavy
    dysimmunity ( congenital immunodeficit, AIDS-
    infection, paratherapeutic immunosuppression)

11
Pathogeny of pneumonias
  • ?dhesing (adhesion of microorganisms into the
    surface of ephithelial cells of bronchial tree
    with subsequent microorganism colonization.
  • Disfunction of blinking mucociliary epithelium.
  • Violation of mucocell hovergap.
  • Secreting of biologically-active matters -
    cytokines.

12
Pathogeny of pneumonias
  • Chemotaxis of macrophages, neutrophills and other
    cells which take part in the local inflammatory
    reaction
  • Invasion and intracellular persistence of
    microorganisms with making of endo- and
    exotoines
  • Development of clinical displays of disease.

13
Risk factors
  • age
  • smoking, alcohol
  • chronic diseases of lungs, heart, kidneys
  • professional harmfulness
  • immunodeficient states
  • contact with birds, rodents
  • trips

14
Acute pneumonia
croupous P.
interstitial P.
broncho-P.
15
Etiology of croupous pneumonia
  • in 95 cases caused by pneucoccus, rarer
    diplobatsil, streptococcus, staphilcoccus A cold
    which reduces immunobiological reactivity comes
    forward a procatarxis. Illness arises up often in
    persons with alcoholism, avitaminosises, cardiac
    insufficiency, chronic overstrain.

16
Croupous pneumonia
17
Morphogeny of croupous pneumonia
  • The morphological changes at croupous pneumonia
    test a certain evolution, which enables to select
    a few stages of process (R. Rokytanskyy) - stage
    of congesting (from 12 hours to 3 days), stage of
    red hepatisation (1-3 days), stage of grey
    hepatisation (2-6 days), stage of resolution.

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Carnification of lungs.Abscesses in lungs
21
Bronchopneumonia
  • A term bronchopneumonia pneumonia (lobular
    pneumonia) unite the lungs fevers different
    originally, and the general line of which there
    is localization of primary process in bronchial
    tubes. From here inflammation passes to pulmonary
    tissue and can be limited in the acinus, lobulus,
    segment or lobe.

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  • In most cases reason of bronchopneumonia is a
    bronchogenic (aerogene) infection, however can be
    the haematogenic and lymphogenic ways of
    infecting. A process begins from bronchiolus and
    passes to alveolar ducts. A peribronchitis can
    join to the bronchitis. The process passes from
    peribronchial tissue to the neighbouring
    alveoluses (peribronchial pneumonia).

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Interstitial pneumonia
  • Interstitial pneumonia spreads mainly on
    interstitial tissue. At this case the
    insignificant accumulation of exsudate appears in
    the road clearance of alveoluses. Interstitial
    pneumonia belongs to the atypical forms. Meets at
    viral infections, croupous pneumonia. A process
    begins from a bronchitis with next distribution
    of process by lymphatic ways (lymphangitis) or
    vasculitis (systemic lupus erithematosus).

27
Interstitial pneumonia
28
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
29
Bronchitis
  • Distinguish a acute and chronic bronchitis
    (bronchitis acute, bronchitis chronic).
  • Among the etiologic factors of acute inflammation
    of bronchial tubes of primary value give to the
    viruses and bacteria which cause the respirators
    diseases. From physical factors select the
    pathogenic action of dry or cold air, dust, from
    chemical is breathing in tobacco smoke, chlorine
    steam, nitrogen oxides. The inherited insolvency
    of barrier mechanisms of mucus, insufficiency of
    cellular (phagocytosis) and humural (IgA)
    protective factors of local value, assists to
    development of bronchitis.

30
Bronchitis
  • acute
    chronic

31
Acute bronchitis
  • It can be independent nosology unit or secondary
    display of row of other illnesses (croupous
    pneumonia, uremia). Almost all forms of catarrhal
    inflammation develop in mucus bronchial tubes
    serosal, festering, fibrin, fibrin-hemorragic,
    mucous. Destruction of mucus membrane with ulcers
    development is possible sometimes.

32
Acute bronchitis
33
acute bronchitis
34
Chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes
  • Shows up in such forms
  • a) a chronic mucous or purulent catarrh with
    atrophy of mucus plate, cystophorous regeneration
    of glands and metaplasia of prismatic epithelium
    into multi-layered flat
  • b) chronic productive inflammation with polypuses
    formation by granulation tissue (polypal chronic
    bronchitis)
  • c) deformation of bronchial tube at ripening of
    granulation tissue, excrescence of connecting
    tissue in a muscular layer, sclerosis and atrophy
    of mucus membrane (deforming chronic bronchitis).

35
Chronic Bronchitis
36
chronic bronchitis
37
Cystic Fibrosis
38
Emphysema of lungs
  • Emphysema of lungs (emphysema pulmonum) is the
    pathosis of pulmonary tissue, which is
    characterized by enhanceable (?) maintenance in
    her air.

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Emphysema
42
Bubble (bullous) emphysema of lungs
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Asthma
45
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
46
Pulmonary Embolism
47
Cancer of lung
48
Lung Cancer
49
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
50
Non-Small-Cell LungCancer
51
Lung CancerExtrapulmonaryManifestations
52
MetastaticMalignancyto the Lung
53
  • Thank you for attention!
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