The Scientific Revolution

1
The Scientific Revolution

• Chapter 10 Section 1 Notes
• World History Mr. Heaps

Introduction Video Clip
2
Background to the Revolution

• Many Medieval scientists did not make
  observations about the natural world, but instead
  relied for 2,000 years on beliefs of ancient
  authorities like __________.
• During the Renaissance, newly discovered works by
  ______, ___________, _______ showed that some
  ancient thinkers disagreed with Aristotle, which
  led scientists of the 15th 16th centuries to
  begin to question ancient authorities. (see
  video clip)

Aristotle
Ptolemy
Archimedes
Plato
3
Leading to New Ways of Thinking

• The invention of new instruments such as the
  __________ the ___________ led to new
  scientific discoveries.
• The invention of the ____________ helped spread
  new ideas quickly easily.
• A rediscovery of works of ancient _____________
  during the Renaissance led to the development of
  great mathematical scientists such as
• __________________
• __________________
• __________________
• __________________

telescope
microscope
printing press
mathematicians
Nicholas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
4
A Revolution in Astronomy

• The long held view of the universe according to
  Middle Age philosophers was called the
  _____________ System, named after Ptolemy, a
  great 2nd century ______________.
• Ptolemys view of the universe, also called the
  ____________ view, placed _________ at the center
  of the universe.

Ptolemaic
astronomer
Geocentric
Earth
Ptolemy (2nd century)
5
The Ptolemaic Universe (Geocentric)

• Earth sits ___________ at the ________ of the
  spheres.
• All spheres revolve around Earth in _________
  orbits.
• Beyond the spheres of the Ptolemaic system was
  __________, where God all saved souls reside.

motionless
center
circular
Heaven
6
The Copernican System (Heliocentric)

• In 1543, Polish Astronomer, _________
  _____________ published a book, On the
  Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
• He argued the __________ system was too
  complicated.
• He believed in a ____________ view of the
  universe, which placed the ________ at the center.

Nicholas
Copernicus
Geocentric
Heliocentric
Sun
Copernicus
7
The Copernican System (Heliocentric)

• The ______, not Earth, sits at the center of the
  universe.
• The ________ revolves around the Earth.
• The apparent movement of the sun around the Earth
  was caused by the __________ of Earth on its
  axis.
• Planets orbit the Sun in __________ orbits.

Sun
moon
rotation
circular
8
Johannes Kepler
German

• __________ mathematician who confirmed that the
  _______ was at the center of the universe.
• He added that orbits of the planets around the
  sun were not circular, but instead ____________,
  or egg-shaped, with the sun toward the end of
  ellipse.

Sun
elliptical
Click picture to watch clip
9
Galileo Galilei

• Italian ___________ ______________, Galileo was
  the first to observe the heavens using a
  ___________. (Galileo video clip)
• Galileo discovered
• The __________ of the moon.
• Four large moons orbiting __________.
• The ________ of Saturn.
• __________
• Galileos book, The Starry Messenger, supported
  the ____________ view of the universe. This
  contradicted the Churchs view and led to Galileo
  being charged with __________.

astronomer
mathematician
telescope
mountians
Jupiter
rings
sunspots
heliocentric
heresy
10
Isaac Newton

• English ___________ ___________ whose major
  work, the Principia, defined three laws of
  ________ that govern planetary bodies, as well as
  objects on Earth.
• Newtons universal law of ____________, explained
  why planetary bodies do not go off in straight
  lines, but instead continue in ___________ orbits
  around the sun.
• Newtons theory of gravity stated that every
  object in the universe is ___________ to every
  other objects by a force called gravity.

physicist
mathematician
motion
gravitation
elliptical
attracted
11
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

• Newtons universal law created a new view of the
  universe. It was now seen as one huge,
  regulated, uniform machine that worked according
  to __________ ________. Newtons
  _________________ concept dominated the worldview
  until the 20th century.

natural
laws
world-machine
12
Breakthroughs in Medicine

• Medicine in the Late Middle Ages was dominated by
  the teachings of the Greek physician _________,
  who had lived in the ____ century A.D.
• Galen had relied on _________, rather than
  _________ dissections to arrive at a picture of
  the human __________.
• In many instances he was ________.
• __________ is the study of the structures of body
  parts and their relationship to one another.

Galen
2nd
animal
human
Anatomy
wrong
Anatomy
13
Galen (Chief Physician of Rome)

• Dissecting both live and dead animals,
  particularly goats, pigs, and monkeys, Galen
  demonstrated how different muscles are controlled
  at different levels of the spinal cord. He noted
  the functions of the kidney and bladder and
  identified seven pairs of cranial nerves. By
  tying off the laryngeal nerve, he showed that the
  brain controls the voice. He thought that the
  liver was the central organ of the vascular
  system and that blood moved to the periphery of
  the body to form flesh. He disproved the
  400-year-old belief that arteries carry air.
  Galen also described the valves of the heart and
  noted the structural differences between arteries
  and veins, but fell short of conceiving that the
  blood circulates.

14
Compare what you know to what Galen believed.

• What controls the movement of muscles?
• Instead of the liver, what is the central organ
  of the vascular system, or cardiovascular system?
• Galen disproved the theory that arteries carry
  air. What is carried by the arteries?

The brain the spinal cord
The heart is the central or main organ of the
cardiovascular system.
Blood that is rich in oxygen nutrients.
15
16th Century Anatomy

• The new _________ of the 16th century was based
  on the works of Belgian physician __________
  ___________.
• Vesalius wrote a book called On the Fabric of the
  Human Body, in which he discussed what he had
  found when dissecting human _________ at the
  University of Padua.

Anatomy
Andreas
Vesalius
cadavers
16
Anatomy (Andreas Vesalius)
Dissection
Muscular
Skeletal
Vesalius Video
17
Blood Circulation
Galen
Vesalius

• Both ________ __________ had believed that two
  kinds of blood flowed in the ________
  _________.
• Galen had thought that the _______ was the
  beginning point of circulation of the blood.
• In 1623, _______________ published a book called
  On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in which he
  stated the following
• The _______, not liver, was the beginning point
  of circulation.
• The same blood flows through ________ ______.
• Blood makes a complete ________ through the body.
  (William Harvey Video Clip)

arteries
veins
liver
William Harvey
heart
arteries
veins
circuit
18
Medical Recognition (Bonus)
Galen

• Due to his achievements in medicine, ________
  served as the chief physician of the Roman
  Emperor Marcus Aurelius and became the chief
  surgeon to the ____________ of Rome.
• _________________ served as physician to Holy
  Roman Emperor, Charles V and Phillip II of Spain.
• _________________ served as physician to both
  King James I and his son Charles I of England.

gladiators
Andreas Vesalius
William Harvey
19
Chemistry
chemistry

• The science called __________ arose in the 17th
  century.
• ______________ was one of the first scientists to
  conduct controlled experiments.
• By studying the properties of gases he came up
  with Boyles Law The _______ of a gas varies
  with the __________ exerted on it.
• _________________ - invented a system of naming
  the _________ __________. (still used today)
• Lavoisier is regarded by many as the _________
  of modern chemistry.

Robert Boyle
volume
pressure
Antoine Lavoisier
chemical
elements
Lavoisier
Father
20
Antoine Lavoisier

• Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). A French
  chemist who is widely regarded as the father of
  modern chemistry, Lavoisier showed in 1788 that
  air is a mixture of gases which he called oxygen
  and nitrogen. His major written work, published
  in 1789, contained the ideas which set chemistry
  on its modern path. He established the
  distinction between elements and compounds, and
  showed that chemical reactions are quantitative
  in nature. Among other accomplishments, Lavoisier
  devised a system of naming chemical compounds,
  and was a member of the commission which
  established the metric system. In spite of his
  many achievements, as an aristocrat Lavoisier was
  charged with counter-revolutionary activity and
  was guillotined in 1794.

21
Women in the Scientific Revolution

• In Germany, many of the women involved in science
  were ______________.
• They became involved by working in family
  ______________, where they had been trained by
  their __________ or ___________.
• By 1650 to 1710, women made up _______ of all
  German astronomers.

Astronomers
observatories
fathers
husbands
14
22
René Descartes Reason

• Descartes was a French ____________ who began to
  think write about the ________ __________
  that seemed to be everywhere in the confusion of
  the 17th century.
• In his most famous work, Discourse on Method, he
  decided to set aside all that he had ________ and
  to _________ again.

philosopher
doubt
uncertainty
learned
begin
23
Descartes (Father of Modern Rationalism)

• Descartes said that only one thing seemed to him
  to be beyond a doubt, and that was his very own
  ____________.
• He once said I ______, therefore I ____.
• Descartes emphasized the importance of his own
  ________, and he asserted that he would accept
  only those things that his ________ said were
  true. He has been called the Father of modern
  day ____________, the system of thought that is
  based on the belief that reason is the chief
  source of _____________.

existence
think
am
mind
reason
rationalism
knowledge
24
The Scientific Method

• The Scientific Revolution gave birth to a process
  known as the _____________________, which was a
  systematic procedure for ____________ and
  ____________ evidence.
• ____________________, an English philosopher,
  developed the scientific method.
• Bacon believed that scientists should rely on
  __________ ____________ to learn about nature.
• Bacon believed that systematic ____________ and
  carefully organized ____________ would lead to
  correct general principles.
• Video Clip

scientific method
collecting
analyzing
Francis Bacon
inductive
reasoning
observations
experiments
25
Effects of Bacons Method

• Many scientists, doctors, philosophers will use
  the Baconian Method, a.k.a. the Scientific method
  to make new ___________ in the centuries to come.
• One such example is Dr. Edward Jenner who used
  __________ reasoning to come up with a cure for
  the disease _________.

discoveries
inductive
smallpox
Jenner Video Clip
26
Political Thought of the 17th Century

• The ________ Revolutions of the 17th century
  prompted 2 very different responses from two
  English political thinkers, _____________
  ____________.

English
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Locke
Hobbes
27
Thomas Hobbes

• Alarmed by the revolutionary _________ in
  England, he wrote the book ____________ in 1651
  to try to deal with the disorder.
• He claimed that before society was organized,
  humans were solitary, poor, _______, ________,
  short. He felt that humans were not guided by
  reason moral ideas, but by _________ struggles
  for self-preservation.
• Hobbes stated that to save themselves from
  ___________ one another, people made a social
  contract agreed to a form of state which would
  keep peace provide defense.
• He felt that ______________, was needed to
  suppress rebellion preserve order in society.

28
John Locke
29
Chapter 10-1 GRA

• 1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and
  Archimedes make obvious?
• These writings made it obvious that some ancient
  thinkers had disagreed with Aristotle other
  accepted authorities.
• 2. What new invention helped to spread new
  scientific ideas quickly and easily?
• The invention of the printing press.

30

• Where is Earth placed in the universe according
  to the Ptolemaic system?
• According to Ptolemy, Earth was at the center.
• Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Copernicus argue
  concerning the construction of the universe?
• Copernicus argued that the Sun, not Earth, was
  at the center of the universe.
• 5. What discoveries did Galileo make using a
  telescope?
• mountains on the moon, four moons around
  Jupiter, and sunspots.

31

• Why did the Church order Galileo to abandon the
  Copernican idea of the nature of the universe?
• The Copernican challenged the Churchs views of
  the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible.
• What did Isaac Newton define in his first book,
  The Principia?
• He defined 3 laws of motion that govern the
  planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth.

32

• What did William Harveys observations and
  experiments show?
• Harvey showed that the heart- not the liver- was
  the beginning point for the circulation for
  blood.
• What field of science in Germany provided
  opportunities for women?
• Astronomy

33

• What did Rene Descartes emphasize and assert?
• He emphasized the importance of his own mind and
  asserted that he would only accept those things
  that his reason said were true.
• Who developed the scientific method?
• Francis Bacon, an English philosopher.