Title: Total War
1The Civil War
- Total War
- Modern War
- A transformation of America
- The second american Revolution
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3Push to War
- Secession December 1860
- Lincolns Concern border states
- Strategic location
- Population
- RR and industry
- Crittenden Compromise failed
- Crittenden Resolution
- April 1861 Fort Sumter
4Essential Questions
- What factors determined the outcome of the war?
- What was the impact of the war socially,
politically, constitutionally and economically? - Why is it called a rebirth of freedom and the
second American Reovlution? - What is the irony of what each side lost in
defending its respective idea of liberty?
5Prompt
- Foner writes In a war of this kind, the
effectiveness of political leadership, the
ability to mobilize economic resources and a
societys willingness to keep up the fight
despite setbacks are as crucial to the outcome as
success or failure in individual battlefields.
Evaluate the relative effectiveness of each side
Union and Confederacy in each of the three
areas Foner mentions. Give specifics to support
your assessment.
6Comparison of Belligerents
- Union
- Goals preserve the union - after 1863
emancipation - Strategy occupy rebel territory destroy ability
of rebel army to fight - Tactic Anaconda Plan
- blockade, control the Mississippi divide, take
Richmond
- Confederacy
- Goal independence
- Strategy attrition make costly find a foreign
ally - Tactic offensive defense (strategic defense)
7Union War Aim
8Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
9Anaconda Plan
10Resources
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12Finances and Mobilization
- Union
- Tariffs, taxes
- Republican agenda banking, homestead act,
tariffs - Citizen soldiers/draft
- Industry RR
- Confederacy
- Inflation paper money
- Citizen soldiers/draft
- Industrial production OK foodstuffs problem
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14Leadership
- Lincoln Davis
- Master strategy micromanaged
- Good communicator conflicts w/in
- War leadership problems with
- centralization of
-
power - LTD
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16Total Warfare
- Role of technology RR rifle
- Defense
- Massive numbers of troops and amounts of materiel
- Involvement of civilian population
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21Assessment Military
- Confederate Advantage
- Easier task defense
- Shorter supply lines distances
- Long, indented coastline
- Experienced military leadership
- High morale
- Union Advantage
- Population immigrants, African Americans
- Navy
22Assessment Economic
- Confederate Advantage
- Cotton King Cotton diplomacy (allies)
- Confederate Disadvantage
- Food production
- Union Advantage
- Control over banking and capital 70 RR, 65
farmland - Strong bureaucracy logistical support
23Assessment Political
- Confederate disadvantage
- States rights philosophy
- Davis internal divisions
- Union Advantage
- Centralized government
- Lincolns leadership
- Political parties
24Confederate hope - attrition
- Cost of the war in terms of and causalities
would cause the Union to turn against Lincoln ---
(Atlanta)
251861-1862 Two Fronts
- East
- First Bull Run July 1861
- Nature the war
- Army of the Potomac McClellan
- Peninsular Campaign
- Monitor v Virginia
- Antietam Sept 1862
- Tactical draw. Strategic defeat
- Permits Emancipation Proc.
- Fredericksburg Dec 1862
- West
- Fts Henry and Donelson-Feb. 1862
- Shiloh April 1862
- Control upper Mississippi
- New Orleans Ap 1862
- Farragut
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29Confederate Dead
30Diplomacy
- Support from Br Fr critical for Confederate
success balance industry, break blockade - Trent Affair 1861
- Belligerent status from Br Fr
- King Cotton Diplomacy failed
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32Process of Emancipation
- Lincoln reluctant to act border states,
racism, constitution, overturning through
election - Confiscation Acts
- 1861 seize enemy property
- 1862 freed slave of those rebelling
- Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1863
- Rebel states only 100 days give up arms keep
slaves - 13th Amendment 1865
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35Significance
- New war aim abolition
- Further separates Br Fr from supporting the
Confederacy - L. reasserts control over party
- L. reasserts control over military commanders
- Accelerated breakdown of slavery - Juneteenth
- African American Troops
- Transforms idea of the New Nation- new birth of
freedom - 13th Amendment
36Emancipation in 1863
37Slaves taking Freedom
38African-American Recruiting Poster
39Freed Slaves
40Fort Wagner 54th Mass
41August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
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43Turning Points July 2-4,1863
- Gettysburg
- Lees last offensive thrust
- Picketts Charge at Cemetery Ridge
- Morale draft riots
- Vicksburg
- Control over Mississippi
- Confederacy divided
- Grant ----Ls general
- Internal divisions
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45Grinding to the end
- March to the Sea 1864
- Atlanta Sept 1864 allowed L. re-election
no conditional surrender or negotiated peace - Richmond April 1864
- Appomatox Surrender April 9, 1865
46Shermans March
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48Grant and Lee at Appomatox
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51Home Front Union
- Economic activism in government
- Boom times for many
- Corruption
- Finance taxes, bonds, Greenbacks
- Dissent
- Discontent and class issues
- Civil Liberties suspension of Habeas Corpus
Copperheads Ex Parte Milligan and Ex Parte
Merryman
52Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in
Congress
- 1861 Morrill Tariff Act
- 1862 Homestead Act
- 1862 Legal Tender Act
- 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act
- 1862 Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863) - 1863 Pacific Railway Act
- 1863 National Bank Act
53Enrollment Act of 1863
- All able-bodied male citizens of the United
States and persons of foreign birth who have
declared on oath their intention to become
citizens between the ages of twenty and
forty-five, are declared to constitute the
national forces, and shall be liable to perform
military duty ..when called out by the President
54NYC Draft Riots
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56NYC Riots
57Surgeons Tools
58Letter from a Rioter - 1863
- To the Editor of the New York Times
- You will, no doubt, be hard on us rioters
tomorrow morning, but that 300 dollar law had
made us nobodies, vagabonds and cast-outs of
society, for whom nobody cares when we must go to
war and be shot down. We are the poor rabble and
the rich rabble is our enemy by this law.
Therefore, we will give our enemy battle right
here and ask no quarter. Although we got hard
fists and are dirty without, we have soft hearts
and have clean consciences within and thats the
reason we love our wives and children more than
the rich, because we got not much besides them
and we will not go and leave them at home for to
starveWhy dont they let the nigger kill the
slave-driving race and take possession of the
South, as it belongs to them. A Poor Man
59The 300 exemption
- To the Editor of the New York Times
- You have been trying to vindicate the Draft from
the charge that it throw the whole burden of the
war upon the poor. You must know that when one
hundred men are drawn, if fifty of them can pay
their 300 they are released and then their
places must be filled by another draft from among
the poor. If this is not releasing the rich and
placing the burdens of the war, exclusively, on
the poor, I should like to know what it would
be. A Poor Man
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61Copperheads Peace Democrats
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64Home Front Confederacy
- Inflation and paper money
- Economic destruction
- Anti draft discontent planter exemption
- Dissent
- Discontent and class tensions
- Proposal to abandon slavery
65Inflation in the South
66Confederate Currency
67Bread Riots
68Prices and Money Supply
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70Women
- Increased opportunities on both fronts
- Nursing
- Suffrage
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72Soldiers
- Citizen soldiers
- Corrupt camp life/revivals
- More discipline and better food Union
- More individualism Confederacy
73Camp Life
74Nursing
75Andersonville Prison
76Outcome
- Organization principle
- Contingency theory - McPherson
- Strategies and style of warfare
77Impact Constitutional
- Amendments
- 13 abolish slavery
- 14 due process, equal protection of the law,
citizenship - 15 suffrage all males
- Nature of the Union people, indivisible ,
permanent and perpetual - New birth of freedom reconciles Declaration and
Constitution federal govt as protector of
rights
78Impact Political
- Increase in power of federal govt
- Increase in power of the president
- South --- Solid Democrat
- African American Republican
- Corruption Grantism
79Impact Economic
- Tariffs and taxes Morrill Tariff
- Industry and banking grow new industrial era
National Banking Act - Western movement Homestead Act
- Modernized the N economy industrial potential
emerged - South needs to be totally rebuilt loss of
wealth
80Impact Social Changing Social Fabric
- Demographic changes high death rates
- Role of women
- Need to incorporate freed slaves what is the
role of the freedman Douglassthe work does
not end with the abolition of slavery, it only
begins. - End to optimism and reform perfection and hope
replaces with bitterness and disillusionment - Psychic Scars social cultural divisions
- Emerson change from transcendent individual
to celebration of organization govt
81Casualties on Both Sides
82Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars