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Total War

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Title: The Civil War Author: Vicki Arndt-Helgesen Last modified by: eahelges Created Date: 11/28/2006 1:42:00 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Total War


1
The Civil War
  • Total War
  • Modern War
  • A transformation of America
  • The second american Revolution

2
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3
Push to War
  • Secession December 1860
  • Lincolns Concern border states
  • Strategic location
  • Population
  • RR and industry
  • Crittenden Compromise failed
  • Crittenden Resolution
  • April 1861 Fort Sumter

4
Essential Questions
  • What factors determined the outcome of the war?
  • What was the impact of the war socially,
    politically, constitutionally and economically?
  • Why is it called a rebirth of freedom and the
    second American Reovlution?
  • What is the irony of what each side lost in
    defending its respective idea of liberty?

5
Prompt
  • Foner writes In a war of this kind, the
    effectiveness of political leadership, the
    ability to mobilize economic resources and a
    societys willingness to keep up the fight
    despite setbacks are as crucial to the outcome as
    success or failure in individual battlefields.
    Evaluate the relative effectiveness of each side
    Union and Confederacy in each of the three
    areas Foner mentions. Give specifics to support
    your assessment. 

6
Comparison of Belligerents
  • Union
  • Goals preserve the union - after 1863
    emancipation
  • Strategy occupy rebel territory destroy ability
    of rebel army to fight
  • Tactic Anaconda Plan
  • blockade, control the Mississippi divide, take
    Richmond
  • Confederacy
  • Goal independence
  • Strategy attrition make costly find a foreign
    ally
  • Tactic offensive defense (strategic defense)

7
Union War Aim
8
Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
9
Anaconda Plan
10
Resources
11
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12
Finances and Mobilization
  • Union
  • Tariffs, taxes
  • Republican agenda banking, homestead act,
    tariffs
  • Citizen soldiers/draft
  • Industry RR
  • Confederacy
  • Inflation paper money
  • Citizen soldiers/draft
  • Industrial production OK foodstuffs problem

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14
Leadership
  • Lincoln Davis
  • Master strategy micromanaged
  • Good communicator conflicts w/in
  • War leadership problems with
  • centralization of

  • power - LTD

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16
Total Warfare
  • Role of technology RR rifle
  • Defense
  • Massive numbers of troops and amounts of materiel
  • Involvement of civilian population

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21
Assessment Military
  • Confederate Advantage
  • Easier task defense
  • Shorter supply lines distances
  • Long, indented coastline
  • Experienced military leadership
  • High morale
  • Union Advantage
  • Population immigrants, African Americans
  • Navy

22
Assessment Economic
  • Confederate Advantage
  • Cotton King Cotton diplomacy (allies)
  • Confederate Disadvantage
  • Food production
  • Union Advantage
  • Control over banking and capital 70 RR, 65
    farmland
  • Strong bureaucracy logistical support

23
Assessment Political
  • Confederate disadvantage
  • States rights philosophy
  • Davis internal divisions
  • Union Advantage
  • Centralized government
  • Lincolns leadership
  • Political parties

24
Confederate hope - attrition
  • Cost of the war in terms of and causalities
    would cause the Union to turn against Lincoln ---
    (Atlanta)

25
1861-1862 Two Fronts
  • East
  • First Bull Run July 1861
  • Nature the war
  • Army of the Potomac McClellan
  • Peninsular Campaign
  • Monitor v Virginia
  • Antietam Sept 1862
  • Tactical draw. Strategic defeat
  • Permits Emancipation Proc.
  • Fredericksburg Dec 1862
  • West
  • Fts Henry and Donelson-Feb. 1862
  • Shiloh April 1862
  • Control upper Mississippi
  • New Orleans Ap 1862
  • Farragut

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29
Confederate Dead
30
Diplomacy
  • Support from Br Fr critical for Confederate
    success balance industry, break blockade
  • Trent Affair 1861
  • Belligerent status from Br Fr
  • King Cotton Diplomacy failed

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32
Process of Emancipation
  • Lincoln reluctant to act border states,
    racism, constitution, overturning through
    election
  • Confiscation Acts
  • 1861 seize enemy property
  • 1862 freed slave of those rebelling
  • Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1863
  • Rebel states only 100 days give up arms keep
    slaves
  • 13th Amendment 1865

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35
Significance
  • New war aim abolition
  • Further separates Br Fr from supporting the
    Confederacy
  • L. reasserts control over party
  • L. reasserts control over military commanders
  • Accelerated breakdown of slavery - Juneteenth
  • African American Troops
  • Transforms idea of the New Nation- new birth of
    freedom
  • 13th Amendment

36
Emancipation in 1863
37
Slaves taking Freedom
38
African-American Recruiting Poster
39
Freed Slaves
40
Fort Wagner 54th Mass
41
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
42
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43
Turning Points July 2-4,1863
  • Gettysburg
  • Lees last offensive thrust
  • Picketts Charge at Cemetery Ridge
  • Morale draft riots
  • Vicksburg
  • Control over Mississippi
  • Confederacy divided
  • Grant ----Ls general
  • Internal divisions

44
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45
Grinding to the end
  • March to the Sea 1864
  • Atlanta Sept 1864 allowed L. re-election
    no conditional surrender or negotiated peace
  • Richmond April 1864
  • Appomatox Surrender April 9, 1865

46
Shermans March
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48
Grant and Lee at Appomatox
49
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51
Home Front Union
  • Economic activism in government
  • Boom times for many
  • Corruption
  • Finance taxes, bonds, Greenbacks
  • Dissent
  • Discontent and class issues
  • Civil Liberties suspension of Habeas Corpus
    Copperheads Ex Parte Milligan and Ex Parte
    Merryman

52
Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in
Congress
  • 1861 Morrill Tariff Act
  • 1862 Homestead Act
  • 1862 Legal Tender Act
  • 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act
  • 1862 Emancipation Proclamation
    (1/1/1863)
  • 1863 Pacific Railway Act
  • 1863 National Bank Act

53
Enrollment Act of 1863
  • All able-bodied male citizens of the United
    States and persons of foreign birth who have
    declared on oath their intention to become
    citizens between the ages of twenty and
    forty-five, are declared to constitute the
    national forces, and shall be liable to perform
    military duty ..when called out by the President

54
NYC Draft Riots
55
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56
NYC Riots
57
Surgeons Tools
58
Letter from a Rioter - 1863
  • To the Editor of the New York Times
  • You will, no doubt, be hard on us rioters
    tomorrow morning, but that 300 dollar law had
    made us nobodies, vagabonds and cast-outs of
    society, for whom nobody cares when we must go to
    war and be shot down. We are the poor rabble and
    the rich rabble is our enemy by this law.
    Therefore, we will give our enemy battle right
    here and ask no quarter. Although we got hard
    fists and are dirty without, we have soft hearts
    and have clean consciences within and thats the
    reason we love our wives and children more than
    the rich, because we got not much besides them
    and we will not go and leave them at home for to
    starveWhy dont they let the nigger kill the
    slave-driving race and take possession of the
    South, as it belongs to them. A Poor Man

59
The 300 exemption
  • To the Editor of the New York Times
  • You have been trying to vindicate the Draft from
    the charge that it throw the whole burden of the
    war upon the poor. You must know that when one
    hundred men are drawn, if fifty of them can pay
    their 300 they are released and then their
    places must be filled by another draft from among
    the poor. If this is not releasing the rich and
    placing the burdens of the war, exclusively, on
    the poor, I should like to know what it would
    be. A Poor Man

60
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61
Copperheads Peace Democrats
62
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63
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64
Home Front Confederacy
  • Inflation and paper money
  • Economic destruction
  • Anti draft discontent planter exemption
  • Dissent
  • Discontent and class tensions
  • Proposal to abandon slavery

65
Inflation in the South
66
Confederate Currency
67
Bread Riots
68
Prices and Money Supply
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70
Women
  • Increased opportunities on both fronts
  • Nursing
  • Suffrage

71
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72
Soldiers
  • Citizen soldiers
  • Corrupt camp life/revivals
  • More discipline and better food Union
  • More individualism Confederacy

73
Camp Life
74
Nursing
75
Andersonville Prison
76
Outcome
  • Organization principle
  • Contingency theory - McPherson
  • Strategies and style of warfare

77
Impact Constitutional
  • Amendments
  • 13 abolish slavery
  • 14 due process, equal protection of the law,
    citizenship
  • 15 suffrage all males
  • Nature of the Union people, indivisible ,
    permanent and perpetual
  • New birth of freedom reconciles Declaration and
    Constitution federal govt as protector of
    rights

78
Impact Political
  • Increase in power of federal govt
  • Increase in power of the president
  • South --- Solid Democrat
  • African American Republican
  • Corruption Grantism

79
Impact Economic
  • Tariffs and taxes Morrill Tariff
  • Industry and banking grow new industrial era
    National Banking Act
  • Western movement Homestead Act
  • Modernized the N economy industrial potential
    emerged
  • South needs to be totally rebuilt loss of
    wealth

80
Impact Social Changing Social Fabric
  • Demographic changes high death rates
  • Role of women
  • Need to incorporate freed slaves what is the
    role of the freedman Douglassthe work does
    not end with the abolition of slavery, it only
    begins.
  • End to optimism and reform perfection and hope
    replaces with bitterness and disillusionment
  • Psychic Scars social cultural divisions
  • Emerson change from transcendent individual
    to celebration of organization govt

81
Casualties on Both Sides
82
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
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