Chapter 11 Intelligence

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Chapter 11 Intelligence

• McElhaney

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Content Outline

• Which signs of giftedness are most important to
  you?
• Autistic Savants
• Outline key information regarding Mental
  Retardation
• Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline
  retardation
• Causes of Retardation
• Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic
  Abnormalities
• PKU
• Microcephaly
• Hydrocephaly
• Cretinism
• Down syndrome
• Fragile X Syndrome
• Which has more influence on intelligence heredity
  or Environment?
• Eugenics
• Tryon study
• What do twin studies show?
• What are some other factors of intelligence-
  Environment, Socio-Economic level, child
  development programs?
• Intelligent information processing.
• Multiple Intelligences

• Binet- 1904
• Define Intelligence
• Intelligence Testing
• Aptitude, Mental abilities
• Validity and Reliability
• Criterion Validity
• Objective and Standardized Tests
• 5 Aspects of Intelligence
• Fluid Reasoning
• Draw the Bell Curve
• IQ tests (outline all aspects found in the text)
• Quantitative Reasoning-
• Visual-Spatial Processing
• Working Memory
• Mentally Gifted
• Dr. Terman
• Outline characteristics of successful students.
  (Pg. 411)

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Basic Ideas

• Intelligence Test are useful estimates of
  intelligence
• Everyone has special aptitudes wide range of
  mental abilities
• Most people are mid-range intelligence
• Small of people have high intelligence
• High IQ does not reveal success
• Intelligence relates to heredity environment
• IQ test are not perfectly reliable

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Defining Intelligence

• 1904- Alfred Binet
• Created test to tell if a child was performing
  up to his or her potential
• Definition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning,
  problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge)
• Intelligence is the global capacity to act
  purposefully
• To think rationally
• To deal effectively with the environment

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Aptitude

• A capacity for learning certain abilities
• People with aptitude- will do well
• Aptitude tests- measure narrow range of abilities
• SAT Scholastic Assessment Test
• Measures aptitude for language, math, reasoning

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Reliability Validity

• Is the test reliable?
• Is it consistent?
• Is the test valid? A test measures what it
  claims to measure
• Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with
  actual performance
• Objective tests- tests that can be scored the
  same by two different scorers

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Standardized Tests

• Standard procedures are used
• The norm results of average
• Used to rank and compare students and achievement
• http//www.fairtest.org/facts/nratests.html

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IQ Tests

• Stanford- Binet Intelligence Test 5th ed. (SB5)
• Cognitive ability assessment
• Measures Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge,
  Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial
  Processing, Working Memory
• Ages2 to 85 years
• IQ scores reflect a persons education,
  maturity, and experience, as well as innate
  intelligence.

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SB5

• Age ranked questions- that get progressively more
  difficult
• Very reliable-(?)

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Intelligence Quotients

• To accurately measure intelligence need to know
• Chronological age (CA)
• Mental age (CA) (average intellectual
  performance) level of age-ranked questions she
  or he can answer
• Example vocabulary word Connection certain
  know this term
• Scores of many words similar can lead to an
  overall mental age can be identified.

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IQ

• IQ from dividing one number into another.
• MA X 100 IQ
• CA

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Scoring IQ

• When mental age and chronological age is the same
  or similar
• normal intelligence 100 or near
• Average ranges 90-109 intelligence
• When the mental age is higher than the
  chronological age- intelligence is higher

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Nice to know

• Modern IQ scores are associated with Deviation
  Scores based on a persons relative standing in
  his or her age group. Which tell how far above
  or below average a persons scores fall.
• IQ doesnt really change after age 16, except,
  when strong stimulation is present IQ seems to
  increase, or when alcoholism or drug use causes
  a decline

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IQ Achievement

• 100 struggle with college
• 120- would do just fine
• IQ grades correlation
• IQ is not correlated to art, music, drama,
  science or leadership (creativity- test tell us
  more)

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The Normal Curve
Most scores fall close to the average and few are
found at extremes
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Sex in Relation to IQ

• Women- best performance as group
• Verbal, vocabulary and rote learning
• Men- spatial visualization- math
• Issue related to the tendency of parents
  teachers to encourage males in these areas

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IQ and Job Status

• There are many variables associated IQ- its not
  absolute
• High IQ correlates with white collar careers
• Lawyers, engineers 125 IQ
• Lower IQ miners farm workers

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Bias and IQ

• Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that require
  academic degrees
• Test measure a particular type of intelligence
  (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative
  Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working
  Memory)
• Studies show that African Americans score lower
  on IQ scores because of cultural bias.

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IQ Bias examples

• What number comes next in the following
  sequence   1   2   5   6   9   10  
  ___________
• How many weeks are in a year?   ___________
• Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________
• Three of the following may classified with pool. 
  What are they?   lagoon   swamp   lake  
  marsh   pond (circle your answers)
• Which items may be classified with clock?  
  ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer
  (circle your answers)
• If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in
  the same secret writing? ______
• If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is
  Mary's father to my sister? _______
• Why does the state require people to get a
  license in order to get married?________________
  __________________________________________________
  _
• What is the thing to do if you find an envelope
  in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a
  new stamp?
• __________________________________________________
  _________________
• Why should you keep away from bad company?
• __________________________________________________
  _________________

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Answer Key

• Scoring Sheet Australian/American Test of
  Intelligence
• Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then
  add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc.
• Fifty-two
• Health - If you believe that germs cause illness
  and if you believe that absences of "filth"
  signifies the absence of germs.
• Lagoon, lake, pond
• All of these.  They are all measuring devices.
• 497.  Solution of this problem requires ability
  to count and sort some of concept of codes.
• Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of
  European/Western familial relationships.
• For social control?  To see that people do not
  commit bigamy?  To see that closely related
  kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical
  purposes?  To ensure that people who are under
  age do not marry?
• Post it.  However, a more practical line of
  action would be open it to see if it contains
  anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for
  your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in
  a highly acquisitive society principles of
  "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property)
  have to be supported or society could easily
  break down (to the disadvantage of property
  owners).  Note the question asks "What is the
  thing to do...." not "What would you do...." 
  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.
• Because they may influence your own behavior and
  get you into trouble.  However, this only correct
  if you believe that bad people influence good
  people and not vice versa, that people who behave
  badly should be isolated in the community. 
  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

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The Dynamics of Intelligence
Profound Below 20
1-2 Require
constant aid and supervision.
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5 Aspects of Intelligence

• Fluid Reasoning
• Knowledge
• Quantitative reasoning
• Visual-Spatial reasoning
• Working memory

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Fluid Reasoning

• Use inductive reasoning from specific to
  general
• Or
• Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific
• Example of question tasks- how are an apple, a
  plum, and a banana, different from a beat?
• Other items-
• Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing.
• Tell a story that explains whats going on in a
  series of pictures.

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Knowledge

• Assesses general information the test taker has
  acquired.
• Questions
• General knowledge How many legs does a horse
  have?
• Vocabulary Define the word cryptic
• Absurdities What is wrong with this picture?

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Quantitative Reasoning-

• Measure a persons ability to solve problems
  involving numbers.
• Questions emphasize practical problems vs
  mathematical knowledge
• Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what number would
  come next?

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Visual-Spatial Processing

• Assesses someones ability to see patterns and
  relationships in visual displays
• Examples- putting picture puzzles together
• Working with geometric shapes
• Reproducing patterns of blocks

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Working Memory

• Measures the ability to recall, sort, and apply
  information in short-term memory
• Remembering the order of colored beads on a stick

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Giftedness
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Dr. Terman
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New Ways of Viewing Intelligence (cont.)

• Reflective Intelligence Ability to become aware
  of ones own thinking habits
• Metacognitive Skills Ability to manage ones own
  thinking and problem solving efforts

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Gardners Theory of Intelligence Some Concepts

• Multiple Intelligences Theory posed by Howard
  Gardner that states we have several specialized
  types of intellectual ability
• G-Factor General ability factor assumed to
  explain the high correlations among various
  intellectual measures

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Gardners Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences

• Language Used for thinking by lawyers, writers,
  comedians
• Logic and Math Used by scientists, accountants,
  programmers
• Visual and Spatial Thinking Used by engineers,
  inventors, aviators
• Music Used by composers, musicians, music
  critics

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Gardners Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences
(cont.)

• Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills Used by dancers,
  athletes, surgeons
• Intrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge) Used by
  poets, actors, ministers
• Interpersonal Skills (Social Abilities) Used by
  psychologists, teachers, politicians
• Naturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand
  Natural Environment) Used by biologists, organic
  farmers