The Jefferson Era

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The Jefferson Era

• Chapter 8
• Pages 262-293

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Section 1 Jefferson Becomes President

• The Big Idea
• Thomas Jeffersons election began a new era
  in American government.
• Main Ideas
• The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful
  transition in power from one political party to
  another.
• President Jeffersons beliefs about the federal
  government were reflected in his policies.
• Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the
  judicial branch of government.

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John Adams Thomas Jefferson
Second President of the U.S. Third President of the U.S.
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Section 1 Key Terms and People

• John Adams Second President
• Thomas Jefferson Third President
• John Marshall a federalist appointed by John
  Adams, was the Chief Justice of the U.S.

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Section 1 Key Terms and People

• Marbury v. Madison a case that helped establish
  the Supreme Courts power to check the power of
  the other branches of government
• Judicial Review the power to declare an act of
  congress unconstitutional

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Early Battles

• In 1812 the United States launched a war against
  a dominant nation.
• The British navy had hundreds of ships.
• The U.S. Navy had fewer than twenty ships, but
  it boasted expert sailors and big new warships.

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Videos

• Slide 3 Jefferson as President
• Slide 4 Jefferson writes the Declaration of
  Independence

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Main Idea 1 The election of 1800 marked the
first peaceful transition in power from one
political party to another.

• Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney
  ran against Democratic-Republicans Thomas
  Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
• Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73 electoral votes
  each.
• The House broke the tie by selecting Jefferson to
  be president Burr became vice president.
• The tie led to the passage of the Twelfth
  Amendment, which provided for a separate ballot
  for president and vice president in the next
  election.

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Parties and Beliefs

• Adams and the Federalists
• Rule by the wealthy class
• Strong federal government
• Emphasis on manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the Constitution
• British alliance

• Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans
• Rule by the people
• Strong state governments
• Emphasis on agriculture
• Strict interpretation of the Constitution
• French alliance

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Main Idea 2President Jeffersons beliefs about
the federal government were reflected in his
policies.

• Democratic-Republicancontrolled Congress helped
  put his republican ideas into practice.
• Allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to
  expire
• Lowered military spending
• Got rid of domestic taxes
• Believed main functions of federal government
  included,
• Protecting the nation from foreign threats
• Delivering mail
• Collecting customs duties
• Kept some Federalist ideas, like Bank of the
  United States , Study Guide 3

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Main Idea 3Marbury v. Madison increased the
power of the judicial branch of government.

• William Marbury appointed justice of peace by
  President Adams just before he left office.
• Marburys commission was not delivered Jefferson
  took office.
• Marbury sued Jefferson administration to get his
  commission.

Background

• The law Marbury based his claim on was
  unconstitutionalJudiciary Act of 1789.
• The Supreme Court ruled that, according to the
  Constitution, they did not hear cases like this
  one thus, the law that Marbury used was
  unconstitutional.

Supreme Court Ruling
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Importance of Judicial Review

• Chief Justice John Marshall wrote Courts opinion
  in Marbury v. Madison.
• Ruling established judicial reviewCourts power
  to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
• This ruling made judicial branch equal to other
  two branches of government.

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Election of 1800

• Federalist

• Democratic-Republican

• Rule by wealthy class
• Strong federal government
• Emphasis on manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the Constitution
• British alliance

• Rule by the people (farmers, agrian)
• Strong state governments
• Emphasis on agriculture
• Strict interpretation of the Constitution
• French alliance

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John Adams

• 2nd President
• Federalist
• Former Vice President
• Rule by wealthy class
• More Urban Supporters
• Strong Federal Government
• Emphasis on Manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the Constitution
• British Alliance
• For a National Bank
• For Development of a Strong Military
• Increased Federal Taxes
• Development of Commerce and increased
  Manufacturing
• Alien and Sedition Acts

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Thomas Jefferson

• 3rd President
• Republican
• Former Secretary of State
• Rule by the people
• More Rural Supporters
• Strong State Government
• Emphasis on Agriculture (Agrarian)
• Strict interpretation of the Constitution
• French Alliance
• Opposed a National Bank
• Reduced Size of Military
• Cut Federal Taxes
• Reduced National Debt
• Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the U.S.
• Embargo Act Restricted trade, was a disaster
  for New England merchants and led to civil right
  violations

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John Adams Thomas Jefferson
2nd President Federalist Former Vice President Rule by wealthy class More Urban Supporters Strong Federal Government Emphasis on Manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution British Alliance For a National Bank For Development of a Strong Military Increased Federal Taxes Development of Commerce and increased Manufacturing 3rd President Republican Former Secretary of State Rule by the people More Rural Supporters Strong State Government Emphasis on Agriculture (Agrarian) Strict interpretation of the Constitution French Alliance Opposed a National Bank Reduced Size of Military Cut Federal Taxes Reduced National Debt Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the U.S. Embargo Act Restricted trade, was a disaster for New England merchants and led to civil right violations
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Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase

• The Big Idea
• Under President Jeffersons leadership, the
  United States added the Louisiana Territory.
• Main Ideas
• As American settlers moved West, control of the
  Mississippi River became more important to the
  United States.
• The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of
  the United States. Study Guide Question 9
• Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike
  increased Americans understanding of the West.

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American Settlers Move West Louisiana Explorers Head West

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Louisiana Purchase on October 20, 1803, the
  Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase agreement
  which doubled the size of the U.S. The U.S.
  bought the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million
  dollars from the French.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Meriwether Lewis former army captain chosen to
  co-lead an expedition to explore the west.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• William Clark friend of Lewis and former army
  lieutenant was also chosen to co-lead an
  expedition to explore the west.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Lewis and Clark Expedition On May 1804 the
  Lewis and Clark Expedition began its long journey
  to explore the Louisiana Purchase.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Sacagawea a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains
  accompanied the group with her husband a French
  trader. She helped the expedition by naming
  plants, and by gathering editable fruits and
  vegetables. She also acted as a guide and
  translator.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Zebulon Pike a young army officer was sent on a
  mission to the west in 1806. He was ordered to
  find the starting point of the Red River. He
  discovered Pikes Peak in Colorado. He helped
  outline the Louisiana Territorys western border
  with New Spain.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Andrew Jackson commanded the U.S. forces in the
  Battle of New Orleans

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Tecumseh Shawnee Indian leader who worked to
  unite Indian tribes against U.S. expansion.

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Battle of the Thames River broke the British
  alliance with the Native Americans in the
  Northwest

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Oliver Hazard Perry led a naval fleet to
  victory against the British at the Battle of Lake
  Erie

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Battle of New Orleans the last major conflict
  in the War of 1812

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Battle of Lake Erie U.S. broke British Control
  of Lake Erie led the way for an American
  invasion of Canada

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the Creek War and
  forced the Creek Indians to give up millions of
  acres of land

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Section 2 Key Terms and People

• Embargo Act banned trade with all foreign
  countries

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Main Idea 1 As American settlers moved West,
control of the Mississippi River became more
important to the United States.

• Thousands of Americans had settled between the
  Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
  by 1800s.
• Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted as
  states.
• Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio
  rivers to move products east.
• Jefferson worried about foreign control of New
  Orleans and Louisiana.
• Americans depended on the river, which could be
  disrupted if a foreign power shut down access to
  New Orleans.

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Study Guide 6

• The annexation of four northeastern states to the
  Union (U.S.) brought an increase of trade to New
  Orleans.

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Timeline Page 274
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Louisiana
Spanish Control

• Spain controlled both New Orleans and
  Louisianaland stretching from Mississippi River
  to Rocky Mountains.
• Spain gave land to France in treaty.

French Control

• French leader Napoléon wanted to rebuild Frances
  empire in North America.
• Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the
  Caribbean, ended Napoléons dream in 1802.

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Events Leading to Louisiana Purchase Exploration that Followed Louisiana Purchase
Early 1800s Spain found it impossible to keep Americans out of Louisiana In 1802, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping, which hurt American farmers In 1802, Spain gave Louisiana to France in a treaty In 1802, Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, ended Napoléons dream in 1802. Napoleon needed money for military supplies in the war against the British President Jefferson sent an ambassador to try and buy Louisiana from Napoleon On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase agreement which roughly doubled the size of the U.S. and cost 15 million   1803, President asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the west May 1804, The Lewis and Clark Expedition begins August 3, 1804 the first official council between representatives of the U.S and Plains Indians is held October 1804 to April 1805, The expedition establisher Fort Mandan to spend the winter. There the explorers meet a French fur trader and his wife Sacagawea August 12, 1805 Lewis climbs the first ridge to the Continental Divide September 1805, the expedition nearly starves, local peoples help the explorers November 7, 1805 the expedition reaches the Pacific Ocean
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Main Idea 2The Louisiana Purchase almost
doubled the size of the United States.

• Jefferson sent ambassador to France to try to buy
  New Orleans.
• The French offered to sell all of Louisiana.
• Napoléon needed money to finance his war in
  Europe. (British)
• Price was 15 million.
• Louisiana Purchase approved by Senate on October
  20, 1803.
• Nearly doubled size of United States, Study Guide
  9

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Main Idea 3 Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark,
and Pike increased Americans understanding of
the West.

• Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase
• Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
• Included 50 skilled frontiersmen
• Began near St. Louis on May 14, 1804
• Reached the Pacific Ocean in November, 1805

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Contact with Native Americans
Lewis used interpreters to talk to leaders of
each of the peoples they met.
He told the Native Americans that the United
States now owned land on which they lived.
Relied on goodwill of the peoples they met -
Given food by Shoshone, Nez Percé, and others
Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide
and interpreter.
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Achievements of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
were

• They learned about western lands and paths
• They made contact with many Native American
  groups (tribes)
• They collected data about western plants and
  animals
• They were unable to find a river route across the
  West to the Pacific Ocean. Study Guide 11

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Long term effects of purchasing Louisiana from
France were

• Addition of new states
• Conflict with Native Americans
• Westward settlement
• U.S. Population growth

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Pikes Exploration

• Zebulon Pike, an army officer, led another
  expedition to the West in 1806.
• Explored area near Louisiana Territorys western
  border with New Spain
• Headed into Rocky Mountains in present-day
  Colorado
• Traveled into Spanish lands and was arrested
• When finally released, still praised the
  opportunities for doing business with the Spanish
• Pikes report offered Americans their first
  description of the Southwest.

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American Settlers Move West

• In the early 1800s thousand of Americans settled
  between the Appalachians and the Mississippi
  river
• Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted to
  the Union
• Settlers began to depend on the Mississippi River
  and Ohio Rivers to for trade
• Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana,
  the mouth of the Mississippi River
• Spain was not able to keep American settlers out
  of its territory, Study Guide Question 7
• Under a secret treaty Spain agreed to trade
  Louisiana to France

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Louisiana

• In 1802, Spain closed New Orleans to American
  shipping, which hurt American farmers
• President Jefferson sent an ambassador to try and
  buy Louisiana from Napoleon
• On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the
  Louisiana Purchase agreement which roughly
  doubled the size of the U.S. and cost 15 million

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Explorers Head West

• President Jefferson sent Captain Meriwether Lewis
  and Lieutenant Clark on expedition to explore the
  west, Louisiana Purchase, in May 1804
• Members of the expedition were called the Corps
  of Discovery
• Some of the challenges the expedition faced were
  traveling through a mostly uncharted area, no
  ability to receive new supplies, transportation
  difficulties, insects, fear of hostile attacks
  from Native Americans
• Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who , along with
  her fur trader husband, helped the Lewis and
  Clark expedition

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Explorers Head West

• Lewis and Clark expedition learned about western
  lands and paths, made contact with many Native
  American groups, collected data about western
  plants and animals
• Possible results of the Louisiana Purchase were
  the addition of new states, conflict with Native
  Americans, westward settlement, U.S. population
  growth
• Pikes expedition was to find the origin of the
  Red River, which the U.S. claimed formed
  Louisianas western border with New Spain
• Lewis and Clark failed to find a river route
  across the West to the Pacific Ocean. Study Guide
  Question 11
• Pikes expedition went into the southwest,
  Spanish-held lands, and Pikes Peak in Colorado

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American Settlers Move West Louisiana Explorers Head West
In the early 1800s thousand of Americans settled between the Appalachians and the Mississippi river Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted to the Union Settlers began to depend on the Mississippi River and Ohio Rivers to for trade Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana, the mouth of the Mississippi River Spain was not able to keep American settlers out of its territory Under a secret treaty Spain agreed to trade Louisiana to France In 1802, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping, which hurt American farmers President Jefferson sent an ambassador to try and buy Louisiana from Napoleon On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase agreement which roughly doubled the size of the U.S. and cost 15 million President Jefferson sent Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant Clark on expedition to explore the west, Louisiana Purchase, in May 1804 Members of the expedition were called the Corps of Discovery Some of the challenges the expedition faced were traveling through a mostly uncharted area, no ability to receive new supplies, transportation difficulties, insects, fear of hostile attacks from Native Americans Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who , along with her fur trader husband, helped the Lewis and Clark expedition Lewis and Clark expedition learned about western lands and paths, made contact with many Native American groups, collected data about western plants and animals Possible results of the Louisiana Purchase were the addition of new states, conflict with Native Americans, westward settlement, U.S. population growth Pikes expedition was to find the origin of the Red River, which the U.S. claimed formed Louisianas western border with New Spain Pikes expedition went into the southwest, Spanish-held lands, and Pikes Peak in Colorado
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Section 3 The Coming of the War

• The Big Idea
• Challenges at home and abroad led the United
  States to declare war on Great Britain.
• Main Ideas
• Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to
  enact a ban on trade.
• Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United
  States came into conflict in the West.
• The War Hawks led a growing call for war with
  Great Britain.

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Violations of Neutrality The Embargo Act Conflict in the West Call For War

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Section 3 Key Terms and People

• USS Constitution a large war ship
• Impressment the practice of forcing people to
  serve in the army or navy

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Impressment

• When Great Britain and France declared war in
  1803, each tried to stop the United States from
  selling goods to the other.
• The British and French searched many American
  ships for war goods.
• Then Britain started searching American ships for
  sailors who had deserted the British navy.
  (impressment)
• At times U.S. citizens were seized by accident.

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Section 3 Key Terms and People

• Embargo banning of trade
• Embargo Act in late 1807, Congress pased the
  Embargo Act, or law that essentially banned trade
  with all foreign countries.
• Non-Intercourse Act a new law which only banned
  trade with Britain, France, and their colonies
  was made in 1809

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Embargo Act (VC)

• Impressment continued despite protests.

• Thomas Jefferson, who had been re-elected in
  1804, favored an embargo rather than war with
  Britain.
• In late 1807 Congress passed the Embargo Act to
  punish Britain and France.
• American merchants lost huge amounts of money.
• In 1809 Congress replaced the embargo with the
  Non- Intercourse Act.
• That law did not work either.

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The Embargo Act

• Banned trade with foreign countries
• Was passed to punish Britain and France to
  protect American merchant ships from capture
• Hurt Jeffersons popularity, revived the
  Federalist Party
• Was devastating to American merchants they were
  unable to sell or trade goods

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Section 3 Key Terms and People

• Tecumseh a Shawnee Chief formed a settlement
  near the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers
• Battle of Tippecanoe U.S. forces defeated
  Tecumseh and his followers

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Section 3 Key Terms and People

• War Hawks several young members of Congress who
  took the lead in calling for war against Britian
• James Madison Republican elected president in
  1808

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VIOLATIONS OF NEUTRALITY

• In the late 1700s and early 1800s, American
  merchant ships sailed the oceans.
• The profitable overseas trade was dangerous.
• Pirates seized cargo and held crews for ransom.
• The United States sent the USS Constitution and
  other ships to end the attacks.

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Main Idea 1 Violations of U.S. neutrality led
Congress to enact a ban on trade.

• Overseas trade was profitable but risky.
• Barbary pirates, along the coast of Africa, would
  capture ships.
• Attacks continued until the United States sent
  the USS Constitution and other warships to stop
  the pirates.
• British and French tried to stop the United
  States from aiding the other while they were at
  war in 1803.
• British stopped American merchant ships to search
  for British sailors who had run away from British
  navy.
• British sailors were forced to return and
  sometimes U.S. citizens were taken by accident.
• British ship Leopard stopped U.S. Navy ship
  Chesapeake and took sailors by force.
• Attack on Chesapeake stunned Americans.

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The United States Response

• Embargo Act
• Embargo Act passed in 1807, banning trade with
  all foreign countries to punish Britain and
  France
• Devastated American merchants, who lost much
  money without trade
• Damaged Jefferson and strengthened Federalists
• Had little effect on Britain and France

• Non-Intercourse Act
• Congress replaced unpopular Embargo Act with
  Non-Intercourse Act in 1809.
• Banned trade only with Britain, France, and their
  colonies
• U.S. trade would resume with first side to stop
  violating American neutrality
• Law was no more successful than Embargo Act

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Main Idea 2 Native Americans, Great Britain,
and the United States came into conflict in the
West.
Conflict Over Land

• British and Native Americans clashed with
  American settlers over land in the West.
• British agents armed Native Americans along
  western frontier.

Tecumseh Resists U.S. Settlers

• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, emerged as leader.
• Hoped to unite Native Americans of northwestern
  frontier, the South, and the eastern Mississippi
  Valley.

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Conflict in the West

• Native Americans

• In the West, Native Americans, the United States,
  and Great Britain clashed.
• As settlers poured into the West, Native
  Americans lost land that they believed was taken
  unfairly.

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Battle of Tippecanoe

• Important Victory

• British agents from Canada armed Native Americans
  in the West.
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, united his forces with
  the Creek nation.
• William Henry Harrison, the governor of the
  Indiana Territory, raised an army to battle
  Tecumseh.
• At the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrisons forces
  defeated the Native Americans.

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The Battle of Tippecanoe

• Tecumseh founded village near Tippecanoe and
  Wabash rivers in Indiana Territory.
• Tecumseh was a brilliant speaker and leader.
• He wanted to unite the Native Americans to resist
  settlers.
• Governor William Henry Harrison warned Tecumseh
  not to resist power of the United States.
• Harrison led army in attack on village in 1811.
• He was worried that with British backing,
  Tecumseh could be a serious threat to U.S. power
  in the West.
• U.S. forces won Battle of Tippecanoe, and
  Tecumseh fled to Canada.

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CALL FOR WAR

• War Hawks

• War Hawks in Congress led in demanding war
  against Britain.
• The leaders wanted to end British influence on
  Native Americans.
• They resented British restraints on U.S. trade.
• Others opposed war against Britain.
• They believed America lacked the military
  strength to win.

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Main Idea 3 The War Hawks led a growing call
for war with Great Britain.

• Evidence of British support for Tecumseh inflamed
  Americans.
• Some young members of Congress from the South and
  West, called War Hawks, demanded war against
  Britain.
• They were angered by British trade restrictions
  and wanted to invade Canada for more land to
  settle.

War Hawks
The Opposition

• New England Federalists opposed war.
• British trade restrictions hurt New Englands
  economy.
• Others argued that the United States was not
  ready to fight.

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War Declared

• Republican James Madison was elected president in
  1808.
• Felt growing pressure from War Hawks
• Decided Congress must vote on war in 1812
• Congress voted, and the War Hawks won.
• Congress had declared war for the first time in
  the nations history.
• Madison was reelected in 1812.
• Would serve as commander in chief during War of
  1812

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Caused for the War of 1812

• Impressment or forcing of American sailors to
  serve in the British army or navy
• Interference with American shipping
• British military aid to Native Americans

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James Madison

• President

• In 1808 Republican James Madison was elected
• president.
• He had difficulty carrying on the unpopular trade
  policy.
• In 1812 he asked Congress to vote on whether to
  wage war against Britain.
• Congress voted to declare war. Madison was again
  elected.
• He became commander in chief in the War of 1812.

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Violations of Neutrality

• In the late 1700s and early 1800s American
  merchant ships traveled vast distances through
  violent storms to trade with other countries
• The USS Constitution was sent to the Barbary
  Coast of North Africa to deal with Pirates who
  would steal cargo and hold ships for ransom
• Both Britain and France captured U.S. merchant
  ships searching for war supplies
• Britain would stop U.S. ships to search for
  sailors who deserted the navy sometimes they
  would capture U.S. citizens by accident. This
  impressments, or the practice of forcing people
  to serve in the army or navy continued despite
  American protest
• Britain began to target American navy ships like
  the Chesapeake

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The Embargo Act

• America responded to Britains violations with an
  embargo, or the banning of trade with Britain
• At Jeffersons urging Congress passed the Embargo
  Act which essentially banned all trade with
  foreign countries in 1807
• The law hurt American merchants who lost enormous
  amounts of money without foreign trade, but had
  little effect on Britain and France financially
• The Embargo Act damaged Jeffersons popularity
  and strengthened the Federalist Party
• In 1809, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with
  the Non-Intercourse Act which banned trade only
  with Britain, France, and their colonies

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Conflict in the West

• In the 1800s Native Americans continued to lose
  land in the Northwest Territory due to the Treaty
  of Greenville, an agreement between the Native
  American leaders and the U.S. that gave the U.S.
  Indian lands in the Northwest Territory
• Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and influential
  Native American leader he wanted to unite Native
  Americans against U.S. settlers pushing them off
  their lands
• William Henry Harrison led the U.S. army which
  defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe

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Call For War

• War Hawks were several young members of Congress
  who led the call for war against the British for
  siding with Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe
• Federalist opposed the war, wanted to renew trade
  with Britain, feared being defeated and losing
  independence
• Republican James Madison was elected president in
  1808, and urged Congress to vote on war against
  Britain
• Madison would serve as commander in chief during
  the War of 1812

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Violations of Neutrality The Embargo Act Conflict in the West Call For War
In the late 1700s and early 1800s American merchant ships traveled vast distances through violent storms to trade with other countries The USS Constitution was sent to the Barbary Coast of North Africa to deal with Pirates who would steal cargo and hold ships for ransom Both Britain and France captured U.S. merchant ships searching for war supplies Britain would stop U.S. ships to search for sailors who deserted the navy sometimes they would capture U.S. citizens by accident. This impressments, or the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy continued despite American protest Britain began to target American navy ships like the Chesapeake America responded to Britains violations with an embargo, or the banning of trade with Britain At Jeffersons urging Congress passed the Embargo Act which essentially banned all trade with foreign countries in 1807 The law hurt American merchants who lost enormous amounts of money without foreign trade, but had little effect on Britain and France financially The Embargo Act damaged Jeffersons popularity and strengthened the Federalist Party In 1809, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act which banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies In the 1800s Native Americans continued to lose land in the Northwest Territory due to the Treaty of Greenville, an agreement between the Native American leaders and the U.S. that gave the U.S. Indian lands in the Northwest Territory Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and influential Native American leader he wanted to unite Native Americans against U.S. settlers pushing them off their lands William Henry Harrison led the U.S. army which defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe War Hawks were several young members of Congress who led the call for war against the British for siding with Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe Federalist opposed the war, wanted to renew trade with Britain, feared being defeated and losing independence Republican James Madison was elected president in 1808, and urged Congress to vote on war against Britain Madison would serve as commander in chief during the War of 1812
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Section 4 The War of 1812

• The Big Idea
• Great Britain and the United States went to
  battle in the War of 1812.
• Main Ideas
• American forces held their own against the
  British in the early battles of the war.
• U.S. forces stopped the British offensives in the
  East and South.
• The effects of the war included prosperity and
  national pride.

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Early Battles Great Britain on the Offensive Effects of The War

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Section 4 Key Terms and People

• Oliver Hazard Perry Commodore of the U.S. navy
  forces during the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813
• Battle of Lake Erie Commodore Perry sailed out
  to meet the British on September 10, 1813,
  beginning the Battle of Lake Erie. The battle
  ended when the British surrendered.

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Section 4 Key Terms and People

• Andrew Jackson Commander of the Tennessee
  militia, about 2000 volunteers to move against
  the Creek nation
• Treaty of Fort Jackson signed in 1814, ended
  the Creek War and forced the Creek to give up
  millions of acres of their land

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Section 4 Key Terms and People

• Battle of New Orleans made Andre Jackson a hero
  and was the last major conflict of the War of
  1812
• Hartford Convention Federalist agreed to oppose
  the war and send delegates to meet with Congress
• Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, was
  signed in Belgium on 12/24/1814

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Quick Start

• British strategy, keep American ships in port.

• American morale rose when its ships defeated the
  British in several battles.
• The British blockaded U.S. seaports and
  neutralized our navy.

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Canada here we come!

• The U.S. planned to attack Canada from Detroit,
  from Niagara Falls, and from the Hudson River
  Valley toward Montreal.

• Three Pronged Attack

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Plans Fail

• Not as easy as they thought.

• Tecumseh

• British soldiers and Native Americans led by
  Tecumseh took Fort Detroit.
• State militia doomed the other two attacks
  against Canada by arguing that they were not
  required to fight in a foreign country.

93
Lake Erie is ours!

• In 1813 the United States planned to end
  Britains rule of Lake Erie.
• Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry and his small fleet
  won the Battle of Lake Erie.

94
General Harrison Defeats Tecumseh

• General Harrison marched his troops into Canada.
• He defeated a combined force of British and
  Native Americans, breaking Britains power.
• Tecumseh died in the fighting, harming the
  alliance of the British and the Native Americans.

95
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96
Main Idea 1 American forces held their own
against the British in the early battles of the
war.

• War at Sea
• Britain had hundreds of ships, but most were
  scattered around the globe.
• Americans had less than 20 ships, but had
  well-trained sailors and new warships like the
  powerful USS Constitution.
• American ships victorious in one-on-one battles.
• British blockaded seaports.

• Along Canadian Border
• American leaders wanted to invade Canada.
• Attacks in 1812 failed.
• Oliver Hazard Perry won naval Battle of Lake Erie
  in 1813.
• American control of Lake Erie established.
• British driven out of Northwest in 1813.

97
The Creek War
War erupted in the South with Native Americans,
who were angry at settlers pushing into their
lands.
Creeks attacked Fort Mims in Alabama, killing
about 250 defenders.
Andrew Jackson, leading 2,000 volunteers,
defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe
Bend in Alabama in 1814.
The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended war in 1814 and
forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of
their land.
98
Jackson provides a Win!

• Jackson makes a name for himself.

• Old Hickory

• In 1814 Andrew Jackson won a battle against the
  Creek nation that ended in the Treaty of Fort
  Jackson.

99
Main Idea 2 U.S. forces stopped British
offensives in the East and South.

• British Attacks in East
• British attacked Washington, D.C., in 1814.
• Set fire to White House, Capitol, and other
  buildings
• British shelled Fort McHenry at Baltimore,
  Maryland.
• Americans refused to surrender, and British
  retreated.

100
The Battle of New Orleans!

• Andrew Jackson commanded forces made up of
  regular soldiers.
• They included two battalions of free African
  Americans, a group of Choctaw Indian militia, and
  pirates led by Jean Lafitte. Although Jacksons
  forces were outnumbered, America won the Battle
  of New Orleans, the last key battle of the war.
• Andrew Jackson became a war hero.

101
Battle of New Orleans

• British moved against New Orleans.
• Hoped to capture city and control Mississippi
  River
• Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces at New
  Orleans.
• Troops included regular soldiers, free African
  Americans, Choctaws, state militia, and pirates.
• Battle began on January 8, 1815, with 5,300
  British troops against about 4,500 Americans.
• British caught in open field more than 2,000
  British casualties.
• American victory at Battle of New Orleans made
  Jackson a hero and was last major conflict of the
  war.

102
The Battle of New Orleans!

• Andrew Jackson commanded forces made up of
  regular soldiers.
• They included two battalions of free African
  Americans, a group of Choctaw Indian militia, and
  pirates led by Jean Lafitte. Although Jacksons
  forces were outnumbered, America won the Battle
  of New Orleans, the last key battle of the war.
• Andrew Jackson became a war hero.

103
What If?

• Yeah Jackson!

• Slow communications meant that Jackson fought the
  Battle of New Orleans (VC) after war the had
  ended.
• The battle made Andrew Jackson a hero (a
  president).

104
End of the Federalist Party

• Poor Timing

• Disgrace

• The Federalists Party ended after the War of
  1812.
• Just before the end of the War they met at the
  Hartford Convention.
• They agreed to oppose the war.
• The war ended and they looked like traitors.

105
Effects of the War

• Americans felt good about themselves.

• Patriotism Star Spangled Banner

• Each nation gave back the territory it had
  conquered.
• Yet the war had consequences intense patriotism
  in America as well as growth of American
  manufacturing.

106
Main Idea 3 The effects of the war included
prosperity and national pride.

• Group of New England Federalists agreed at the
  Hartford Convention to oppose war, but the war
  ended before the delegates met with Congress.
• Wars end made party lose power.

Hartford Convention

• Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812.
• Each nation returned conquered territory.

Treaty of Ghent

• Feelings of patriotism among Americans
• Power of many Native American groups broken
• Lack of goods during blockade boosted American
  manufacturing.

Consequences
107
Early Battles Great Britain on the Offensive Effects of The War
When the War of 1812 began the British had 100s of ships, the U.S. had less than 20 ships The USS Constitution and newer U.S. warships were more advanced, had well trained sailors, and often defeated British ships The U.S. navy led by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry sailed out to meet the British on September 10, beginning the Battle of Lake Erie After a failed invasion of Canada, the United States won the Battle of Lake Erie, forcing the British off the lake, and the Battle of the Thames River, ending British power in the Northwest Many early battles were fought along the Canadian border because Canada was a British Territory In 1813, the Creek Indians attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River, Andrew Jackson and 2000 volunteers moved against the Creek nation In the spring of 1814, Jackson attacked the Creek along the Tallapoosa River in Alabama and won the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. In 1814, the Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the Creek war and forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land (Trail of Tears) In April 1814, the British attacked Washington DC and burned the White House, but U.S. forces stopped them at Fort Henry At the Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson commanded a force of regular soldiers, including battalions of free African Americans, a group of Choctaw Indians, state militia, and pirates led by Jean Lafitte The battle began on January 8, 1815 when a force of 5300 British troops attacked Jacksons force of 4500 More than 2000 British troops died and only 70 U.S. troops The Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a hero and was the last major conflict of the War of 1812 The Battle of New Orleans actually took place after the war had ended At the Hartford Convention, Federalist agreed to oppose war and send delegates to meet with Congress The Treaty of Ghent which had been signed in Belgium on December 24, 1814, ended the War of 1812 The consequences/effects of the war increased feelings of patriotism, boosted American Manufacturing, Native American resistance weakened