Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders

• Definition, diagnosis and treatment

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Understanding psychological disorders through the
ages

• Ancient Greece imbalance of the four humours
• Treated with bloodletting vomiting

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Understanding psychological disorders through the
ages

• Dark ages-Middle ages devil or witchcraft
• Treated with various tortures
• Patients locked in asylums
• Away from public
• On display

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Understanding psychological disorders through the
ages

• 18th century medical model of disease
• Medical and social reforms
• 20th century biopsychosocial model of
  psychological disorders
• Considers biological, psychological and
  socio-cultural influences

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Classification of disorders

• DSM-IV-TR - diagnostic manuals used by clinicians
• Symptoms
• Labels
• Prognoses
• Sample cases
• Statistics

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What constitutes a disorder?

• Behavior is ___________
• Behavior is ___________
• Behavior is ___________

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Anxiety disorders

• Characterized by feelings of excessive
  apprehension and anxiety
• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Phobic disorders
• Panic disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder

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Generalized Anxiety disorder

• Symptoms
• -
• -
• -
• Prevalence

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Phobic disorders

• Persistent and irrational fears
• Agoraphobia
• Social phobias
• Specific phobias
• Acrophobia, claustrophobia, hemophobia,
  pyrophobia, triskadekaphobia, ophidiophobia,
  astraphobia, nyctophobia, aichmophobia,
  coulrophobia, trichophobia

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Panic disorder

• Panic attacks
• Symptoms
• Not
• May result in agoraphobia

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Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

• Persistent obsessions and compulsions
• Obsession
• Compulsion

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Post-Traumatic Stress disorder

• Result of severe trauma and emotional distress.
• Symptoms
• Lasting 4 weeks
• Relies on (lack of) emotional resilience

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Treatment for anxiety disorders

• Biological
• Antianxiety drugs
• Antidepressant drugs
• Cognitive
• Cognitive-behavior therapy
• Behavioral
• Exposure therapy
• Systematic desensitization

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Mood disorders

• Disorders characterized by emotional extremes
• Major depressive disorder
• Bipolar disorder

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Major Depressive disorder

• Overwhelming sadness, hopelessness and loss of
  interest
• Symptoms
• Emotional
• Cognitive
• Motivational
• Somatic
• Symptoms last 2 weeks
• Prevalence

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Bipolar disorder

• Characterized by wide swings between two
  emotional extremes
• Mania
• Depression
• Cyclic switching between moods

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Treatment for mood disorders

• Biological
• Antidepressants (depression)
• Mood stabilizers (bipolar)
• Electroconvulsive therapy (depression)
• Deep-brain stimulation (depression)
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (depression)
• Psychotherapy
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy
• Psychodynamic/Interpersonal therapy

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Dissociative disorders

• Separation of conscious awareness from previous
  memories, thoughts and feelings
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Dissociative fugue

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Dissociative Identity disorder

• Alternation between two or more distinct
  personalities
• Symptoms

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Dissociative Fugue

• Spontaneous break from personal identity
• Symptoms
• Results from recent psychological trauma

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Treatment for dissociative disorders

• Psychotherapy
• Antidepressants

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Personality disorders

• Maladaptive behaviors which impair social
  functioning
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder

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Antisocial personality disorder

• Marked by a lack of conscience and malicious
  behavior patterns
• Symptoms
• Prevalence

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Borderline personality disorder

• Unstable personality, mood, identity and behavior
• Symptoms
• Prevalence

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Schizophrenia

• Split from reality
• Disorganization of thought, perceptions, emotions
  and behaviors

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Schizophrenia

• Symptoms
• Positive
• Thought disorder
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Negative
• Flat affect
• Lack of motivation
• Decline in communication and interaction

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Schizophrenia

• Dopamine hypothesis - excess of DA causes
  positive symptoms
• Prenatal factors
• Virus
• Stress
• Environmental or developmental factor influences
  onset

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Treatment for Schizophrenia

• Biological
• Antipsychotic drugs
• Reduce dopamine
• Long-term consequences
• Behavioral
• Operant conditioning
• Token economy

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Resources

• NSCC Counseling Center (TB 1650), [phone]
• individual, group, couples counseling, crisis
  counseling, walk-in, psychiatric consultation
• Crisis Line [phone]
• or 1(866)-4CRISIS
• www.crisisclinic.org