?????????????????? CPU

1
???????????????????????????
2
?????????????????? CPU

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (fetch)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  (decode)
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????? (execute)
• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????

3
The ALU

• ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ??????????
• ????????????????????? Operator 2 ???? 1 ???
  ??????????? operation
• Function ??????????????? ??? ALU ?????????
• Add , Subtract
• AND, OR, Exclusive OR, Complement
• Shift Right, Shift Left
• Increment, Decrement
• ALU ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? Programming
  Model

4
The Microprocessors Register

• Microprocessor ?????? ?? Register ?????????????
  Accumulator, Program Counter, Stack Pointer,
  Status Register, General-purpose Register, Memory
  Address Register, Instruction Register ???
  Temporary data Register
• Register ??????????????????????????????
  Programming Model ???????????????????????????
  Programmer
• Register ?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ???????? Register ??????????? Architecture ?????
  Microprocessor ?????????? Register ???
  ?????????????????????????????

5
The Accumulator

• ???? Register ???? ???????????????????????????????
  ? ?
• ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????
  ?????????????? ALU ??? Accumulator
• ??????????????????????? Operator 2 ??? ????
  Accumulator 1 ??????? 1 ??? ????? Register
  ???????? ???????????
• ???????????????? ??? Accumulator
  ???????????????????? ??????? Microprocessor
  ??????????????????????????? ? ???? ??????? Input
  / Output
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? Source ????? Accumulator
  ???? ??????? ????????????? Accumulator ?????
  Destination

6
The Accumulator

• Microprocessor ?????????????? ????????????????????
  Accumulator ??? ??????? Set ??? bit ???? ??? bit
  ??????? 0 ???? 1
• Register ????????? Architecture
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ??????? ????? Accumulator ???? ??????????????
  Accumulator ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Register ??????? ?
• Microprocessor ???????? Double-length Accumulator
  , Multiple Accumulator ??????????????????????? ?
  ???????? ????????

7
The Program Counter

• Program Counter ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????? ???????? Microprocessor
  ?????????????????? ?
• ?????? ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• ??????? Program Counter ??????????????????????????
  ???? Data bus ?????? Microprocessor ???? 8-bit
  ?????????????? Program Counter ????? 16-bit
  ??????????????????????????? ?????????? 0 ???
  65,535
• Program Counter ???????????? Internal Data Bus.
  Program Counter ?????????????????????????? ?
  ????? Microprocessor ??? ??????????????
  ?????????????????? Program Counter

8
The Program Counter

• ??????? Microprocessor ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? Program Counter
• ??????? ?????????????????? Reset ??? bit ???
  Program Counter ??????? 0 ???? Set ??? bit ???
  Program Counter ??????? 1
• ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????
  Program Counter ????????????????? ???? ??????
  ???????????? Microprocessor ????
  ???????????????????????

9
Program Counter (Fetch instructions)

• ????????????????????????? Microprocessor
  ?????????????????? Program Counter ????????
  Address Bus ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??????????????????? ???????????? Instruction
  Register
• ?????????????????????????????? Microprocessor.
  Program Counter Register ???????????????????
  ????????? 1 ??? ??? ?????????
• Program Counter Register ?????????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????? execute ??????????????
• ?????????????? ??????????? Program counter
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ?.
  ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????
  ? ????????????? ?.??????????????????????????

10
The Status Register

• ????????????????????? Flag Register
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????? Microprocessor
• Flag Register ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

11
Status Register bits

• Carry / Borrow ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????
• Zero ??? Set ????? ??? Bit ??? Register
  ?????????? ??????? ???? 0 ???
• Negative ??? Set ????? MSB ??? Register
  ????????????????????????? 1
• Intermediate carry ??? Set ?????
  ?????????????????? 4 bit ??? 4 bit ?????????????
• Interrupt flag ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????? Interrupt ?????????????????????????????????
  ? / Microprocessor ???????? Interrupt flag
  ??????? ??????????? Interrupt ???? ? ??????
• Overflow ??? Set ?????????? Set ??? Carry flag
  ??? Sign flag ?????????????????? 2S
• Parity ??? Set ????????????? Bit ??????? 1
  ?????????????????? Register ??????????

12
The Stack Pointer

• Procedure calls ?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ?????????????????????????????????????? Program
  Counter Register
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????
  Stack ????? Stack Pointer ??????????
• ???????????? Stack ???????? Pushes ???????????
  Stack ???????? Pops
• ??????????????????????? LIFO ( Last In First Out
  )
• Stack Pointer ??????????????????????? ?????????
• ???????????????? Microprocessor
  ????????????????????????? ??? Stack Pointer
  ?????????????????????????? Stack ???????????
  Stack Pointer ?????????????????????????? ???????
  ??????????????????????

13
General Purpose Register

• ????????????????????????????????
• ??? Microprocessor ????????? General Purpose
  Register ???????????????? Accumulator
  ???????????? ALU ????????????????????? Register
  ?????????????
• ??????????????????? Register ?????????????
  (?????????? 8 bit) ???? ????????????????? ???
  Register (Register Pair, ?????????? 16 bit) ????
  BC, DE, HL

14
Instruction Register

• ???????????????????????????????? Microprocessor
  ???????????????????
• Instruction Register ????? Load
  ????????????????????????????? fetch/execute cycle
  ???? Instruction Cycle
• ??? Diagram Instruction Register ??????????
  Internal Data Bus ????????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????? Internal Data Bus ???
• ???????? Instruction Register ??????????????
  Input ??????? Control Logic ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????

15
Instruction Register (Fetch/Excute Cycle)

• ???????? fetch/execute Cycle
• ????????? fetch ?????? ???????????????????????????
  Program Counter ???????
• Program Counter ??????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????? fetch ????????????????????? Internal
  Data Bus ????????????????? Instruction Register
• ??????? ????????? execute ?????????? execute
  ??????? Instruction Decoder ???????????????
  ??????????? Instruction Register ???
  ?????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????????????????????????????
• ??? Microprocessor Instruction Register
  ???????????????????? Data ??? Microprocessor
  ??????????? 3 - 4 bits

16
Temporary Data Register

• ????????? ALU ????????????????????????????????????
  ????, ALU ????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ????????????????????????????????????, Temporary
  Register ?????????? ALU ?????????
• ??????????? ?? Temporary Register 2 ??? ???
  Microprocessor ??????????????? ???????????
  Architecture ?????
• Temporary Register ????????? Programmers model
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  Programmer

17
Microprocessors Logic Control

• ????????????????????????????????? ? ???
  Microprocessor ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??? Instruction Register
• ????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????????????????? ????????
  Micro-programmed ???? Micro-coded
• ??????????? Microprocessor ??????? ?
  ????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? Instruction Decoder
• ??????????????????????? ? ?????????
  ???????????????????? ? ?????????? ????
  ??????????????? Memory , I/O , ????????
  ????-??????????? ????????????????
• ????????????? ? ???????????????????? ????
  ???????????? ???????????????????????????????,
  ?????? Interrupt

18
Microprocessors Internal Data Bus

• ALU ??? Register ??????????????????????? Internal
  Data Bus
• ???????????????????? Microprocessor ?????????
  Internal Data Bus
• ???????? ? ????? Microprocessor ????????
  ????????? Internal Data Bus ???????????
  Bi-directional
• Microprocessor ????????????????????? Internal
  Data Bus ??? External Data Bus ???????????????????
  ???????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? I/O
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  Internal ??? External Data Bus ????????
  Bi-directional Bus Transceiver
• ???????? ? ????? Microprocessor
  ??????????????????? Internal Data Bus
  ??????????????????? Control Logic

19
???????????????????????????????????????

• Introduction to Microprocessor Architecture

20
The Microprocessor Block Diagram and Programmers
Model

• ???????????????? ? ????? Microprocessor
  ???????????????????????????????????
• Block Diagram ???????????????????????????????????
  Microprocessor ???????????????????????? Hardware
• Programmers Model ??????????????????????????
  ???????????????? Registers ??? Programmer
  ??????????????????????????????

21
Programmers model / Programming model
22
68000 Programmers model
M68000PRM.pdf
23
IA32 Programmers model
GPR
MMX
SSE
FPU
8 of 80 Data Reg.
IA-32 Intel(R) Architecture Software Developers
Manual Vol 1 - Basic Architecture.pdf
24
Microprocessor Block Diagram
25
Microprocessor Block Diagram ZiLOG Z8018x Family
ZiLOG Z8018x Family
26
Microprocessor Block Diagram Intel 8088 8
Bit Data Bus, 16 Bit Int.
27
8088 Memory Organization

• The processor provides a 20-bit address to memory
  which locates the byte being referenced.
• The memory is organized as a linear array of up
  to 1 million bytes, addressed as 00000(H) to
  FFFFF(H).
• The memory is logically divided into code, data,
  extra data, and stack segments of up to 64K bytes
  each, with each segment falling on 16-byte
  boundaries.

28
8088 Memory Organization

• The segment types were chosen based on the
  addressing needs of programs. The segment
  register to be selected is automatically chosen
  according to the rules of the following table.

29
8088 Memory Organization

• All information in one segment type share the
  same logical attributes. By structuring memory
  into relocatable areas of similar characteristics
  and by automatically selecting segment registers,
  programs are shorter, faster, and more
  structured.
• Word (16-bit) operands can be located on even or
  odd address boundaries.
• Little Endean For address and data operands, the
  least significant byte (LSB) of the word is
  stored in the lower valued address location and
  the most significant byte (MSB) in the next
  higher address location. The BIU will
  automatically execute two fetch or write cycles
  for 16-bit operands.

30
Introduction to Computer Systems Structures
31
Intel386 Processor System
The Industry Standard Architecture
The X-bus is a buffered version of an ISA bus in
which the system peripherals such as keyboard,
mouse, and DMA controllers are connected.
Design Considerations for Migrating Intel386
and Intel486 Processor Embedded Systems to the
Pentium Processor Application Note
32
Intel486 Processor System
The local bus concept was introduced to speed up
data fetches. This is particularly useful for
devices that need a high data transfer rate, such
as video graphics memory. This is also known as
VESA local bus
33
Pentium Processor System
the branch prediction algorithm has been
improved, and support for Intel MMX technology
has been added which is an extension to the Intel
architecture (IA) instruction set that adds 57
new opcodes and a new MMX register set.
34
Basic System Timing
35
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