Revision supervisions

1
Revision supervisions
2
Neural induction

• noggin chordin
• dorsalisation of mesoderm
• follistatin
• activin antagonist, also dorsalises
• all inhibit BMP-4 (which is in TGF-b family)

3
What have studies of lesions in the human brain
taught us about its normal function?
Intro context of other methods eg. animals,
imaging, anatdev

• Frontal
• Kluver-Bucy, Phineas Gage, UMN, apraxia,
  dementia, Broca aphasia
• Parietal
• Balint, motion blindness, patient DF, Wernicke
  aphasia, acalculia
• Occipital
• blindsight
• Temporal
• anomia, agnosia, alexia, prosopagnosia,
  achromatopsia,

• Basal ganglia
• Parkinson's, Huntington's
• Cerebellum
• ataxia
• Medulla
• brain stem death!
• Hippocampus
• amnesia
• Other
• hypothalamus, thalamus

Conclusion limitations of lesions (ethics,
control, approximation etc.)
4
Short notes

• Write short notes on the electrical time constant
  of a membrane.
• What controls the survival of newly generated
  nerve cells?
• How do cells in the ventral spinal cord respond
  to differing levels of Shh?
• The genomic sequence of the AMPA receptor
  encodes a Ca2 channel but most AMPA receptors
  are only permeable to Na. Explain.
• Describe briefly the optical factors that affect
  visual acuity.
• Write short notes on two of the following visual
  agnosia the pupil bleaching adaptation.
• What kinds of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
  occur in the central nervous system?
• What is the function of lateral inhibition?
• What purposes may be served by altering the
  sensitivity of auditory receptors?
• How do the response properties of neurons differ
  between the retina and the primary visual cortex?
• Write a concise account of any two of the
  following colour vision visual acuity dark
  adaptation.
• Describe the response properties of cortical
  neurones responding to visual stimuli.
• What is the evidence for columnar organisation in
  the cerebral cortex?
• Describe how the phenotypes of Dros. mutants
  illustrate the properties of neurogenic
  proneural gene products.
• Contrast the inactivation of adrenergic and
  cholinergic signalling.
• How are gaze-fixing eye movements controlled?
• Draw an annotated diagram explaining how the
  stretch reflex might operate as part of a servo
  control system.
• Describe the somatosensory pathways in the
  mammalian central nervous system.
• What are the principal differences between
  control of eye movements and limb movements?

5
Sample short questions

• Write short notes on the electrical time constant
  of a membrane.
• Describe briefly the optical factors that affect
  visual acuity.
• Write short notes on two of the following visual
  agnosia the pupil bleaching adaptation.
• What kinds of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
  occur in the central nervous system?
• What is the function of lateral inhibition?
• What purposes may be served by altering the
  sensitivity of auditory receptors?
• How do the response properties of neurons differ
  between the retina and the primary visual cortex?
• Write a concise account of any two of the
  following colour vision visual acuity dark
  adaptation.
• Describe the response properties of cortical
  neurones responding to visual stimuli.
• Contrast the inactivation of adrenergic and
  cholinergic signalling.
• How are gaze-fixing eye movements controlled?
• Draw an annotated diagram explaining how the
  stretch reflex might operate as part of a servo
  control system.
• Describe the somatosensory pathways in the
  mammalian central nervous system.
• What are the principal differences between
  control of eye movements and limb movements?

6
How has the eye resolved the problem of needing
transparency to let the light to the rods and
cones but also need supply of O2 nutrients from
blood vessels which absorb the light?

• Structure of cornea 75 water
• Structure of vitreous
• Acellular lining Hyalocytes of Balazs
• 98 water
• Lens structure
• Lamellae of anucleate lens cells
• Densely packed crystallins
• Circulation of aqueous humour
• ciliary body - angle - canal of Schlemm - scleral
  veins
• nourish cornea and lens
• Structure of retina
• inner half vascular plexiform layers contain
  vessels
• outer half avascular diffusion of nutrients
  through RPE
• Adaptation
• Completely stationary objects fade
• Experiment with corneal glue! and pentorch