Title: Questionnaire
1(No Transcript)
2Questionnaire
3Personality
- Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and
thinking about the environment and oneself, which
are exhibited in a wide range of important social
and personal contexts
4Personality Disorder
- Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and
thinking about the environment and oneself that
are exhibited in a wide range of important social
and personal contexts, and are inflexible and
maladaptive, and cause either significant
functional impairment or subjective distress
5Characteristics of PD
- 1) Unusually extreme
- 2) Problematic
- The person or others
6Characteristics of PD
- 3) Social
- Manifest during interactions with others
- 4) Stable
- Typically become visible during adolescence and
persist throughout life - 5) Ego-Syntonic
- Person with PD doesnt think anything is wrong
7Types of Personality Disorders
- A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
- B) Disorders in relating with others
- C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
reality - All disorders have some of these characteristics
810 Personality Disorders
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
9Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
10Score
- 16 T
- 35 T
- 45 T
- 47 T
- 56 T
- 73 T
11Dependent Personality Disorder
- A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior
related to an excessive need to be taken care of - Fear of separation
- Easily hurt by criticism
- Let others make important decisions for them and
often jump from relationship to relationship - They often remain in abusive, exploitative
relationships - Can only function within a relationship
-
12Score
- 18 T
- 40 T
- 47 T
- 48 T
- 57 F
- 69 T
- 80 F
13Avoidant Personality Disorder
- A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of
inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation -
14Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by
pervasive and extreme social anxiety - People with this disorder often feel inadequate,
avoid social situations, - They are fearful of being rejected and worry
about embarrassing themselves in front of others - They exaggerate the potential difficulties of new
situations to rationalize avoiding them - They yearn for social relations yet feel they are
unable to obtain them (are unworthy of them)
15Score
- 2 T
- 7 F
- 14 F
- 22 F
- 29 T
- 41 F
- 53 F
- 59 T
16Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and control at the expense of
flexibility -
17Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Four of the following
- 1) Over concern with rules and details
- 2) Perfectionism
- 3) Workaholism
- 4) Inflexibility
- A set way of thinking or behaving
18Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- 5) Packrat behavior
- Note seems opposite to other aspects (Freud)
- 6) Inability to delegate
- 7) Miserliness
- 8) Rigidity and stubbornness
19Disorders in relating to others
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
20Score
- 6 T
- 8 T
- 33 T
- 42 T
- 48 T
- 49 T
- 60 T
21Paranoid Personality Disorder
- A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such
that others motives are interpreted as
malevolent - Preoccupied with concerns about the loyalty and
trustworthiness of others - Misinterpret or over interpret situations in line
with their suspicions - Suspicious of others motives
- Sees hidden messages in benign comments
22Score
- 10 F
- 21 T
- 24 F
- 27 F
- 32 T
- 48 F
- 51 T
- 57 T
23Histrionic Personality Disorder
- A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention
seeking - Pursue attention by being highly dramatic or
overtly seductive - Tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships,
believing that everyone loves them - Seek re-assurance, praise
- Shallow emotions, flamboyant, self-centred
24Score
- 7 T
- 13 T
- 14 T
- 17 T
- 21 T
- 38 T
- 41 T
- 52 T
- 53 T
25Antisocial Personality Disorder
- A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the
rights of others - Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of
frustration - Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to
refer to those with antisocial personality
disorder - Have a lack of conscience, coldness and
callousness - Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing
that their victims are weak and deserving of
being taken advantage of - They are often aggressive and are much more
concerned with their own needs than the needs of
others - Although they can be gracious and cheerful until
they get what they want e.g. Hannibal Lecter - Little anxiety
26Score
- 5 T
- 21 T
- 26 T
- 31 T
- 38 T
- 40 F
- 57 T
- 67 T
- 69 F
- 80 T
27Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration,
and a sense of self-importance -
28Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Five of the following
- 1) Grandiose sense of self-importance
- 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate
attainment - 3) Belief he or she should only associate with
others who are special. -
29Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- 4) Requirement for excessive admiration.
- 5) Sense of entitlement
- 6) Exploitation of others
-
30Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- 7) Lack of empathy
- 8) Enviousness
- 9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes
31Disorders of thinking and lack of contact with
reality
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
32Score
- 4 T
- 10 T
- 27 T
- 32 F
- 38 T
- 46 T
- 48 T
- 57 F
33Schizoid Personality Disorder
- A pattern of detachment from social relationships
and restricted range of emotional expression - Indifferent to relationships
- Limited social range (some are hermits)
- Aloof, detached, called loners
- No apparent need of friends, sex
- Solitary activities
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35Types of Personality Disorders
- A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
- B) Disorders in relating with others
- C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
reality - All disorders have some of these characteristics
3610 Personality Disorders
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
37Score
38Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- A pattern of acute discomfort in close
relationships, cognitive or perceptual
distortions, and eccentricities of behavior - They generally engage in eccentric behavior and
have difficulty concentrating for long periods of
time. - Like people with schizoid PD, those with
shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be
uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and
have a restricted range of emotions
39Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Their speech is often over elaborate and
difficult to follow i.e. tangential, vague. - May have inappropriate emotional responses (or
none at all) - May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost
in fantasy - Many believe that schizotypal personality
disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but SPDs
maintain basic contact with reality
40Score
41Borderline Personality Disorder
- A pattern of instability in interpersonal
relationships, self-image, and affects, and
marked impulsivity - Instability
- Mood instability with bouts of severe depression,
anxiety or anger - Unstable self concept with periods of extreme
self-doubt and others of grandiose importance - Unstable interpersonal relationships from
idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)
42Borderline Personality Disorder
- A tendency towards impulsive and self-destructive
behaviors, and out of control emotions
43Borderline Personality Disorder
- Five of the following
- 1) Rapid mood shifts
- 2) Uncontrollable anger
- 3) Self-destructive acts
44Borderline Personality Disorder
- 4) Self-damaging behaviors
- 5) Identity disturbance
- 6) Chronic emptiness
45Borderline Personality Disorder
- 7) Unstable relationships
- View people as all good or all bad
- 8) Fear of abandonment
- 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality
46How is a diagnosis made?
47DSM-IV Categorical Approach
- Based on the medical model
- Disorder is present or absent
48Advantages of Categorical System
- Ease in conceptualization and communication
- Familiarity
- Consistency with clinical decision making
49Assumptions of the DSM
- Personality pathology is suited to be classified
into discrete types or disorders - These disorders group themselves into three
clusters - The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the
particular personality disorders to which they
have been assigned
Empirical Evidence doesnt support these
assumptions!!!
50Disadvantages of the Categorical Approach
- Arbitrary cut-off points
- Loss of important information
- Will likely utilize a dimensional approach in
DSM-V
51Alternative conceptualisations of Personality
Disorders
- Personality disorders can also be considered
within the context of personality - Provides a better understanding of each PD
- Five Factor Model
- Interpersonal Circumplex
52Personality Disorder N E A C O
Schizotypal High Low High
Schizoid Low Low
Paranoid High Low
Histrionic High High High High
Narcissistic High Low High High
53Personality Disorder N E A C O
Antisocial High High Low Low
Borderline High Low Low
Dependent High High
Avoidant High Low
Obsessive-Compulsive High Low High Low
54Interpersonal Circumplex Model
- Posits that all personality can be captured by
two primary dimensions - Nurturance versus cold-heartedness
- Dominance versus submission
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56Personality
- An individual's characteristic patterns of
thought, emotion, and behavior
57First Question I asked
- What do we know when we know a person?
58How can you figure out WHO a person is?
- Ask the person (S data)
- Ask others about the person (I data)
- Look at the persons life (L data)
- Look at what the person does (B data)
- BLIS
59A more structured way to find out who a person
is
- Standardized Tests!
- Rational Method
- Projective Tests
- Factor Analytic Method
- Empirical Method
- Combination of Methods
60Basic Approaches
- Trait Approach
- The Single-Trait Approach
- e.g., authoritarinsim, self-monitoring, etc.
- The Many-Trait Approach
- e.g., CAQ
- The Essential-Trait Approach
- e.g., The Big Five
- The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
- e.g., circumplex, sphere
61Basic Approaches
- Biological / Evolutionary Approach
- Behavior Genetics
- Twin Studies
- Evolutionary Psychology
- The blind watchmaker
- Jealousy
- Attraction
- Exotic becomes erotic
62Basic Approaches
- Psychoanalytic Approach
- Freud
- Psychosexual development
- Parts of the mind
- Defense mechanisms
- Subliminal Messages
- Slips of the tongue
- Humor
63Basic Approaches
- Psychoanalytic Approach
- Neo Freudians
- Carl Jung
- Collective UCS, Archetypes, Dreams
- Alfred Adler
- Striving for superiority, Birth order
- Karen Horney
- Basic anxiety, Coping with anxiety (moving
toward, away, against) - Erik Erickson
- Development across the lifespan
64Basic Approaches
- Phenomenological Approach
- Philosophical roots
- Free will, awareness, meaning
- Carl Rogers
- Self-Actualization, Conditions of worth
- Abraham Maslow
- Hierarcy or Needs, Self-Actualization and Flow
65Basic Approaches
- Behaviorism
- Philosophical roots
- Empiricism, Associationism, Hedonism
- Habituation
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
66Basic Approaches
- Social Learning Theory
- Dollard and Miller
- Habit Hierarchy, Approach-Avoidance Conflict,
Defense Mechanisms - Rotter
- BP, Expectancy, Locus of Control, RV
- Bandura
- Efficacy, Observational Learning, Reciprocal
Determinism
67Basic Approaches
- Cognitive Approach
- Perceptual processes
- Priming, aggression, rejection sensitivity
- Self processes
- Self-schemas
- Strategic and motivational processes
- Optimistic vs. pessimistic, Nomothetic Goals,
Idiographic Goals
68First Question I asked
- What do we know when we know a person?
- Each approach presents a different way to think
about personality. - Each approach asks and answers different
questions. - You must decide which approach is most valid!
- This is what makes PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY fun!
69Applications of Personality
- Personality Disorders
- Modern personality research
- Person x Situation
- Personality Romantic Relationships
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