Imperialism

1
Imperialism

• Chapter 21
• AP European History

2
Imperialism

• The building of an empire
• the process by which one state, with superior
  military strength and more advanced technology,
  imposes its control over the land, resources, and
  population of a less developed region. p 820

3
Motivations

• Dual Mandate
• Civilizing
• Resources
• Industrialization spurs imperialism
• Need for resources
• Need for markets to sell manufactured goods
• Nationalism (empirestrength, power)

4
Types of Imperialism

• Colonial Imperialism
• Old style imperialism
• Common in the 16th and 17th centuries
• Complete takeover
• Colonial powers set up new governments
• Imposition of culture upon natives
• Migrations and settlement of people from the
  mother country to the colony

5
Types of Imperialism

• Political Imperialism
• Use of diplomacy or military force to influence
  internal affairs of a weaker nation
• The stronger nation doesnt completely control
  the weaker one, but has a great deal of influence

6
Types of Imperialism

• Economic Imperialism
• Desire to control global trade and commerce
• The stronger nation attempts to control the
  economy of the weaker nation so as to exploit
  them for economic gain
• Social-cultural Imperialism
• Forcing (or encouraging) a region to adopt the
  language, customs, religion etc. of the stronger
  nation

7
Imperialism and Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinism and Racism would be used to
  justify imperialism
• Herbert Spencer
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain
• White Mans Burden
• Rudyard Kipling

8
New Imperialism

• In the 1800s, a new wave of imperialism began
• Focus on Africa and Asia
• Known as Neo-Colonialism or New Imperialism

9
British Empire

• the sun never sets on the British Empire

10
The British Empire

• Great Britain would create a huge empire with
  colonies and protectorates all over the world
• India (see notes in section on British Raj)
• Egypt (see notes in section on Africa)
• South Africa (see notes in section on Africa)
• Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand

11
Scramble for Africa

• Before the 1800s, European contact was largely
  limited to the coastal areas
• Europeans largely ignorant of the interior areas
  of Africa

12
Scramble for Africa

• South Africa was one of the areas affected by
  imperialism.
• First settled by Dutch
• 1795 British seized Cape Town
• Discovered diamonds and gold

13
Scramble for Africa

• Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902)
• British fight the Boers (Dutch) for access to
  resources
• British win added all of South Africa to their
  empire
• Africans work in gold and diamond mines

14
Scramble for Africa

• South Africa allowed to Draft a constitution
• Only white men could vote
• Africans had few rights
• System of legal segregation later developed
• Apartheid (1948-1994)
• (comparable to Jim Crow in the American South)

15
(No Transcript)
16
Scramble for Africa

• Egypt had been part of the Ottoman Empire since
  1517

17
Scramble for Africa

• Egypt begins to industrialize and westernize
• 1869 Suez Canal construction was completed
• Egypt had to borrow money to pay for construction

18
(No Transcript)
19
Scramble for Africa

• Began to sell stock in the Suez Canal to pay
  debts Britain biggest investor
• By 1882, Britain controlled the canal and use it
  to control Egypt
• Would remain somewhat tied to Britain until 1952

20
Scramble for Africa

• 1884 Berlin Conference
• Otto Von Bismarck hosted conference to discuss
  Africa
• Agreed to rules for colonization of Africa
• Nations must notify each other of their claims
• Effective Occupation to avoid war among the
  rival nations

21
Scramble for Africa

• By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by a
  European power
• Except Ethiopia and Liberia
• Impact of Colonization of Africa
• Europeans put into power positions
• Western culture spread
• Traditional African culture started to fall apart
• Islam also grew in popularity due to competition
  with Christianity
• Africans were forced to work to produce cash
  crops for Europeans
• European boundaries did not follow traditional
  boundaries set up by the people of Africa
• Rival tribal groups forced together, or
  communities split apart

22
(No Transcript)
23
Asia in an Age of Imperialism

• Like Africa, Asia was also affected by
  imperialism in the 1800s.
• India fell to British rule
• China was broken into Spheres of Influence
• Japan became an imperial power

24
British Raj in India

• By 18th Century, Mughal Empire in decline
• Conflict among Hindus and Muslims weakened the
  empire
• French and British slowly made their way into
  dominant roles
• France and Britain fight, France defeated
• Britain becomes the dominant European force in
  India
• British East India Company uses troops to conquer
  Bengal (Bangladesh)

25
British Raj in India

• Over next 100 years, British slowly take over
  India
• British East India Company used sepoys to guard
  their administrative buildings
• Sepoy Indian troops who served the British
• The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) spelled the end for
  Mughal rule in India
• Sepoys revolted against the British East India
  Company, which prompted the British government to
  get involved
• 1858 Britain declared India a royal colony and
  the last of the Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II)
  was exiled
• The monarch of Britain was officially recognized
  as the ruler of India (Queen Victoria)

26
British Raj in India

• Indian government was administered from London
• Sent people to govern in the name of Britain
• Tried to preserve Indian traditions, but
  difficult
• Indian Civil Service supplied members of the
  bureaucracy
• Mostly British
• Britain helped to industrialize and modernize
  India
• Railroads, canals, urbanization, telegraph lines

27
British Raj in India

• Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many
  dreamed of independence
• Some middle class and educated Indians formed the
  Indian National Congress (1885)
• Call for greater Indian involvement in govt.
• Try to begin path toward independence
• The British raj (British rule of India) would
  last until 1947

28
Spheres of Influence in China

• China isolated throughout much of its history
• Up until 1830s, Europeans restricted to Canton
  for trade
• Strict limitations on outside influence
• As European nations grew more powerful through
  industrialization and weaponry, they were
  increasingly able to push China around

29
Spheres of Influence in China

• Opium was a major product the British imported
  into China
• Chinese government eventually banned the
  substance due to its addictive and harmful
  properties
• British government reacted negatively
• Resulted in war (Opium Wars)
• Two separate wars, both victories for Britain
• China forced to open up to western influences

30
Spheres of Influence in China

• Foreign nations began to see China as weak
• They too demanded increased access to China
• Europeans created Spheres of Influence in China
• Invested money, built military bases, created
  businesses, etc.
• Open Door Policy advocated by the U.S.
• Called for equal access to Chinese markets

31
Spheres of Influence in China

• The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
  (A.K.A. Boxers) organized a rebellion
• Goal to drive Europe and Japan out of China
• Used guerilla warfare tactics to murder Christian
  missionaries and attack foreign embassies
• The Boxer Rebellion was eventually put down
• China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol
• China forced to apologize and pay European
  nations for costs incurred during the rebellion

32
The Fate of China

• Chinese culture started to alter due to foreign
  influence
• 1901 foot binding abolished
• 1905 Civil Service examination system abolished
  after 2,000 years of use
• And, Chinese Dynastic rule came to an end
• 1911-1912 uprising resulted in end of Qing rule
  and establishment of a republic

33
Japan Builds an Empire

• During 17-18th Centuries, Japan avoided foreign
  influence
• Even restricted its own citizens from traveling
  abroad
• Japan developed a highly ethnocentric society
• Downside, their isolation kept them from adopting
  new technologies

34
(No Transcript)
35
Japan Builds an Empire

• 1853 U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan
  to negotiate ties
• Arrived by steamship- unknown to Japan
• Japan quickly realized their inability to compete
  with western powers
• Begins plans to industrialize and modernize
• Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign
  influence
• Signed treaties with Europeans granting them
  access to Japanese markets
• Japan emerges as a world power as result of
  changes and Meiji Restoration

36
(No Transcript)
37
Japan Builds an Empire

• Many grew resentful of foreign influence and
  revolted against the shogunate
• Known as Meiji Restoration
• shogun was overthrown and power given to the
  emperor
• Began widespread changes to modernize Japan

38
(No Transcript)
39
Japan Builds an Empire

• By 1870s, Japan had started its own Industrial
  Revolution
• Under the emperor a new bureaucracy was formed
• Even drafted a constitution and created an
  elected legislature
• However, voting rights were restricted
• Transportation and communication systems
  implemented
• Samurai class abolished and modern military
  organized
• Economic transformation
• End of feudalism, industry implemented, private
  corporations
• Increased emphasis on education

40
Japan Builds an Empire

• Japans new power made them nearly equal with the
  Europeans
• Able to negotiate trade on an equal footing with
  Europeans
• Began to turn its eyes to other nations in Asia
• 1895 war with China- gained control of Taiwan
  and Korea
• 1904 Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russia and
  gained access to Manchuria and established a
  sphere of influence there
• This war helps to solidify Japans place as a
  world power