Enlightened

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Enlightened Despots
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Frederick the Great(Frederick II)r. 1740-1786
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Legal/Government Reforms

• Created an efficient bureaucracy
• Judges decided cases more quickly
• Simplified laws into a new legal code
• Abolished torture of prisoners
• Justified his rule on practical results, not
  divine right
• Allowed scholars to publish

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Economic/Social Reforms

• Religious toleration for Christians
• Promoted reconstruction and development after the
  Seven Years War
• Worked hard and lived modestly
• Promoted education, after 1763 the schooling of
  children was required (though this goal was not
  achieved)

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Missed Opportunities (to be enlightened)

• Did not offer any freedom to the serfs Instead
  accepted and extended the privileges of the
  nobility nobles and commoners lived very
  segregated lives
• Jews remained oppressed
• War, instead of peace, with Austria
• Partitioning of Poland, rather than positive
  diplomatic relations

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Oland was cinsidered
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Sanssouci Palace
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Catherine the Great(r. 1762 1796)
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Catherines Goals

• Bring more Western culture to Russia
• Expand Russias territory
• Reform Russias legal system

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Western Culture

• Corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot
• Well read and wrote philosophical works herself
• Encouraged the use of French among nobles

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Expand Russian Territory

• Expanded at the expense of Turkey
• Participated in three partitions of Poland (1772,
  1793 and 1795)

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Reform Legal System

• Better organized (codified) the laws
• Restricted the use of torture
• People were innocent until proven guilty

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Economic/Social Reforms

• Some religious toleration (Old Believers were not
  allowed to build their own chapels, but they were
  no longer persecuted.)
• Educated her grandson (the future Alexander I) in
  an Enlightened manner

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Not so enlightened

• Actually increased control over serfs after
  Pugachevs rebellion this is how she bought
  noble support
• Never adopted the ideas of the Constitutional
  Assembly

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Maria Theresa(r. 1740 1780)
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Legal/Governmental Reforms

• Decreased the power of the nobles in their
  regional diets (except for nationalist Hungary,
  it was left alone), Bohemia and Austria were
  welded together
• State bureaucracy and courts unified
  (centralized)
• Limited papal influence in her lands
• Codified laws
• Taxed nobles (though at a lower rate)

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Economic/Social Reforms

• Nobles could now require only three days of
  work from serfs
• Utilized mercantilism (called cameralism in
  central Europe)
• Lessened the power of the guilds
• Made the roads safer by lowering crime
• Created a tariff union

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Not so Enlightened

• Participated in the partition of Poland

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Joseph II(r. 1780-1790)
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Legal/Governmental Reforms

• Further increased control over the Catholic
  Church
• Taxed nobles and peasants at the same rate
• Equal punishments for all social classes
• Punishments made less physically cruel
• Made Hungary follow the same rules as everyone
  else
• Required everyone to speak German

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Economic/Social Reforms

• Attempted to establish a merchant marine
• Allowed freedom of the press
• Abolished serfdom in 1781, converting peasant
  labor obligations into cash payments
• Toleration for almost all religions, Jews
  expected to serve in military and could be
  granted nobility

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Not so Enlightened

• Did not explain his actions to the nobles or
  peasants, was clearly an autocratic ruler.
• Suppressed other languages in favor of German
  (while this may help the nation, it does not
  respect the rights of ethnic minorities the
  same goes with Josephs treatment of Hungary)
• Used a secret police to watch over his empire