INTERNET PROTOCOL TECHNOLOGY (IP)

1
INTERNET PROTOCOL TECHNOLOGY (IP)
2
Future Predictions 1

• The Ovum Report (a study commissioned by Nortel
  Networks), presented at Telecom99 Conference,
  Geneva, made the following predictions

3
Future Predictions 2

• Those applications likely to grow rapidly across
  Europe include IP telephony, unified messaging
  and improved e-commerce facilities that integrate
  the Web, multimedia conferencing and IP-enable
  call centres.

4
Future Predictions 3

• Peak-time international bandwidth traffic in
  Western Europe will rise to 1,700 Gb/s (a 40-fold
  increase from this year's 41Gb/s).
• Voice is expected to represent less than 3 of
  total traffic by 2005, with 60 of European
  households having access to new services enabled
  by IP telephony by 2006. IP telephony offers many
  new services at about half the connectivity costs
  of current networks.

5
Future Predictions 4

• This explosion in demand for service will lead to
  a massive increase in deployment of IP
  technology.

6
New Version of IP (from IPv4 to IPv6)

• IPv4 (32-bit address space) will soon be
  exhausted because of exponential growth of the
  Internet. IPv6 uses 128 bits to represent each
  address. For compactness the designers of IPv6
  propose using colon hexadecimal notation. This
  new address space is so large it is not expected
  to be exhausted for many decades.

7
Larger address space

• The main feature of IPv6 that is driving adoption
  today is the larger address space addresses in
  IPv6 are 128 bits long versus 32 bits in IPv4.
• IPv6 was designed to allow the bottom 64 bits to
  be set to the MAC address of the network card of
  the computer and the top 64 bits would be used
  for routing purposes.

8
Larger address space

• The top 64 bits are divided into four 16-bit
  groups, allowing for four levels of address
  delegation, for example from ISPs to companies to
  departments.

9
Larger address space

• These large blocks make administration easier and
  avoids fragmentation of the address space, which
  in turn leads to smaller routing tables. Since
  each host on a network segment can use the bottom
  64-bits of the IPv6 address, the minimum
  allocation to companies or users will be a /48.

10
Larger address space

• This leaves 16bits-worth of subnets that is,
  each "enterprise" will have 64k LANs to allocate
  as they see fit. Larger companies and ISPs will
  be allocated /32 or larger blocks.

11
Notation 1

• Leading zeros in a group can also be omitted.
  Thus, the addresses below are all valid and
  equivalent
• 20010db80000000000000000142857ab
  20010db8000000000000142857ab
  20010db80000142857ab 20010db800142857
  ab 20010db8142857ab 2001db8142857ab

12
Notation 2

• IPv6 addresses are normally written as eight
  groups of four hexadecimal digits. For example,
• 20010db885a308d313198a2e03707334 is a
  valid IPv6 address.
• http//20010db885a308d313198a2e037073444
  43/

13
Notation 3

• 16 32 48 64 / 80 96 112 128 Bits
• MAC 4 levels Minimum
• Routing allocations to host 48
  bits

14
IPv6 - 1

• Applications for audio and video need to deliver
  data at regular intervals. To keep such
  information flowing through the Internet without
  disruption, IP must avoid changing routes
  frequently. Although the IPv4 datagram header
  includes a field that can be used to request a
  type of service, it does not define a type of
  service that can be used for real-time delivery
  of audio and video.

15
IPv6 - 2

• IPv6 includes a mechanism that allows a sender
  and receiver to establish a high-quality path
  through the underlying network and to associate
  datagrams with that path.
• IPv6 is an extensible protocol. Unlike IPv4, IPv6
  does not specify all possible protocol features.
  The designers have provided a scheme that allows
  a sender to add additional information to the
  datagram. New features can be added to the design
  as needed.

16
IPv6 - 3

• IPv6 provides a connectionless service in which 2
  computers exchange short messages called
  datagrams (like IPv4). Like IPv4, the header in a
  datagram contains a maximum number of hops the
  datagram can take before being discarded.
• IPv6 defines separate headers for each function
  (unlike IPv4 datagram in which the header
  contains fields for each function).

17
IPv6 - 4

• Each IPv6 datagram consists of a base header
  followed by zero or more extension headers,
  followed by data.
• IPv6 defines an address for each network
  connection (like IPv4) a computer that connects
  to multiple physical networks (e.g. a router) has
  multiple addresses.

18
IPv6 - 5

• Instead of IPv4's notion of network broadcast,
  IPv6 defines unicast, multicast and anycast
  (cluster) addresses
• Unicast - corresponds to a single computer. A
  datagram sent to the adddress is routed along a
  shortest path to the computer.
• Multicast - corresponds to a set of computers,
  possibly at many locations membership in the set
  can change at any time. When a datagram is sent
  to the address, IPv6 delivers one copy of the
  datagram to each member of the set.

19
IPv6 - 5

• Cluster - corresponds to a set of computers
  sharing a common address prefix, e.g. all reside
  in a single location. A datagram is routed along
  a shortest path and then delivered to exactly one
  of the computers, e.g. the computer closest to
  the sender.

20
New Internet-Related Protocols

• Most promising under development within the
  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• DiffServ provides class-based differentiated QoS
  options for IP networks.
• Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) seeks to
  simplify core routing functions to improve
  performance of switching technologies in the
  network core.
• Believed to be the immediate solution to QoS
  services, VPN offerings and traffic engineering.

21
QoS - 1

• Until IP can support the same QoS as ATM, the
  network will rely on a combination of ATM and IP.
  
• For IP to deliver end-to-end QoS on par with ATM,
  the entire public network will have to be rebuilt
  with new, standards-compliant, QoS-capable
  switches and/or routers.

22
QoS - 2

• By adding QoS to IP, IP networks can communicate
  more effectively with ATM networks. With MPLS,
  for example, IP traffic can be fed into ATM
  networks in a prioritized fashion.

23
QoS 3

• Multilayer IP-ATM switching delivers immediate
  solutions to traffic engineering and QoS issues,
  while supporting parallel implementation of
  emerging technologies such as DiffServ and MPLS.
  The result is protection for current investment
  without sacrifice of future business potential.

24
QoS 4

• Some multilayer switching platforms support IP
  and non-IP services via the same multipurpose
  hardware. This further manages the transition in
  investments from today's mixed services
  environment to a more IP-centric future network.

25
Next Generation IP Routers

• Recently, routers have begun to incorporate
  internal designs that provide a division of
  duties between software and hardware, relying
  increasingly on internal switching technologies
  to achieve increased speed.

26
Next Gen Routers 1

• New Generation IP Routers have the following
  basic capabilities
• They use hardware-based switching and packet
  forwarding engines.
• They target full wire-speed routing over
  fibre-optic connections at multigigabit line
  rates.
• They promise highly reliable operations and to
  help during the transition of the Internet on to
  an all-optical infrastructure.

27
Next Gen Routers 2

• Selected vendors provide product architectures
  that are highly modular and include advanced
  engineering features. These provide immediate,
  significant network performance boosts and can
  then be expanded on a modular, managed basis
  without the need for continuous changes to the
  logical network topology or replacement of
  operational hardware.

28
Next Gen Routers 3

• They don't just move huge volumes of IP packets,
  they move them intelligently, addressing the IP
  traffic aggregation and traffic engineering
  capabilities that must be designed into the
  network system for large-scale service operations
  to be feasible.

29
FutureTrends 1

• IPsec (IP Security) - standards are being
  developed for cryptographic authentication and
  for encryption with IP.

30
FutureTrends 3

• Multicast backBONE (MBONE) is a multicast-capable
  portion of the Internet backbone. Multicast
  support over IP is provided by IGMP (Internet
  Group Management Protocol). Still a research
  prototype but it extends through most of the core
  of the Internet (including North America, Europe
  and Australia). It is typically used to relay
  multimedia (audio and low bandwidth video)
  presentations from a single source to multiple
  receiving sites dispersed over the Internet.

31
IP-only networks

• Voice and private line data traffic can't be
  transported over IP-only infrastructures because
  they are connectionless.
• IP-only networks not as yet technologically or
  economically feasible.
• Dense wavelength division multiplexing - DWDM
• Optical wavelength switches

32
Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS

• What is MPLS?MPLS stands for "Multiprotocol
  Label Switching".   In an MPLS network, incoming
  packets are assigned a "label" by a "label edge
  router (LER)".  Packets are forwarded along a
  "label switch path (LSP)" where each "label
  switch router (LSR)" makes forwarding decisions
  based solely on the contents of the label.  At
  each hop, the LSR strips off the existing label
  and applies a new label which tells the next hop
  how to forward the packet.

33
MPLS

• Label Switch Paths (LSPs) are established by
  network operators for a variety of purposes, such
  as to guarantee a certain level of performance,
  to route around network congestion, or to create
  IP tunnels for network-based virtual private
  networks.  In many ways, LSPs are no different
  than circuit-switched paths in ATM or Frame Relay
  networks, except that they are not dependent on a
  particular Layer 2 technology.  

34
Links

• http//www.ipv6.org/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6Larger_address_s
  pace
• http//www.ipv6.org/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6
• http//www.mplsrc.com/