The Chemistry

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The Chemistry of Living Things
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• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
  space.
• Matter is composed of very small particles called
  atoms. In nature, there are 92 different forms
  of matter that we call elements.

Atoms by Brainpop
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• There are 11 elements of which most living things
  are composed.
• The most abundant element in the human body is
  oxygen.
• The second most abundant element in the human
  body is carbon, and in third place is hydrogen.
  Together, these three elements make up 92 of a
  human being.

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You are expected to memorize the symbols for the
11 elements that make up most living things
Element Symbol
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
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You are expected to memorize the symbols for the
11 elements that make up most living things
Element Symbol
Nitrogen N
Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
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You are expected to memorize the symbols for the
11 elements that make up most living things
Element Symbol
Potassium K
Sulfur S
Sodium Na
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You are expected to memorize the symbols for the
11 elements that make up most living things
Element Symbol
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Intro to Elements Clip
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• Atoms combine together to form most of the
  substances we observe in the world around us.
• Compounds are formed when the atoms of two or
  more elements chemically joined together to form
  a new substance with very different properties
  than the elements of which it is formed.

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Compounds, continued

• The smallest piece of a compound is called a
  molecule
• Salt is an example of a compound. It is composed
  of an atom of sodium chemically glued to an
  atom of chlorine. Each of these NaCl units is
  called a molecule.

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• There are many compounds that are important to
  living things.

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• Mixtures are formed when two or more substances
  are mixed together but not chemically combined.
• Each substance retains its own characteristics,
  and can be separated from each other by simple
  physical means.
• The air in this room is a mixture of nitrogen,
  oxygen and small amounts of other gases.

Compounds Mixtures Clip
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• Reading Chemical Formulas
• H2O
• The letters tell you what elements make up the
  moleculewhat are the elements in this molecule?
• The little numbers to the right of the letters
  tell you HOW MANY ATOMS of each element. If there
  isnt one, it just means that there is one atom
  of that element.
• If there was a number in front of the formula, it
  would tell you how many MOLECULES of that
  substance there was
• 4H2O
• How many molecules of water are there here?

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• One type of mixture that is important to living
  things is a solution.
• In a solution, the atoms or molecules of one
  substance are mixed evenly throughout another
  substance which is usually a liquid or a gas.

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• Salt dissolved in water is an example of a
  solution.
• A suspension is a type of mixture that is similar
  to a solution, but particles in a suspension will
  settle out of it is left undisturbed.
• Blood is an example of a suspension.

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• If a sample of blood is left undisturbed, what
  will settle to the bottom of the test tube?
• Red Blood Cells, platelets, white blood cells
• What is the name of the liquid part of the blood
  that is left at the top?
• Plasma

Compounds Mixtures Clip
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• There are two types of compounds that are
  important to living things
• Organic and inorganic compounds
• Organic compounds contain the element carbon.
• There are 4 types of organic compounds that are
  important to living things

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules also know as organic molecules or
  Biomolecules are built by a process called
  polymerization
• Polymerization- Large compounds are built
  joining smaller ones together
• Monomers- are small (building blocks)
• Polymers- When monomers are joined together

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Organic Compound Composed of Examples Function
Carbohydrate C, H, O Sugar Starch cellulose Releases energy for cells
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Carbohydrate

• Monomer- Glucose
• Polymer- starch.. Found in potato, wheat, rice
• Monosaccharide- Single sugar
• Polysaccharides- large macromolecules formed from
  monosaccharide

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Organic Compound Composed of Examples Function
Lipid C, H, O Fats Oils Waxes Stores and releases MORE energy for cells
Cell membranes are made of lipids
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Fats and Lipids

• Monomer- No true monomer
• Lipids form when three fatty acids bonds with one
  glycerol molecule

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Organic Compound Composed of Examples Function
Protein C, H, O, N enzymes Used to build cell parts Made of smaller parts called amino acids
Where are proteins made in the cell?
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Protein

• Monomer Amino Acid
• Polymer Protein

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Organic Compound Composed of Examples Function
Nucleic Acid C, H, O, N, P DNA RNA Stores hereditary information
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Nucleic Acid

• Monomer Nucleotide
• Polymer DNA and RNA
• DNA is found in the Nucleus of each and every
  cell

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Properties of water

• The most abundant solvent in the world
• Contain 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
• Water is very polar

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Levels of Organization in Eukaryotes

• Cells
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ Systems

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• Inorganic compounds are also important to living
  things. They DO NOT contain carbon.
• Some examples include
• water (formula H2O)
• salt (formula NaCl)

Simple Chemistry Clip
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Lets Talk about one organic compound that is
very important to living things
Glucose

• Glucose is one of the most important molecules
  in biology. Here are some things you need to
  know about it
• The chemical formula for
• glucose is C6H12O6
• Glucose is manufactured in PLANTS in the process
  of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• All cells (plants and animals) use glucose for
  the purpose of GETTING ENERGY

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Lets Talk about one organic compound that is
very important to living things
Glucose

• All energy in a glucose molecule is located in
  THE BONDS.
• When the bonds of this molecule are broken,
  energy is released. This happens in the
  MITOCHONDRIA of the cell (the powerhouse
  organelle).