A. Zoology

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A. Zoology

• 1. A subset of biology dealing with animals.

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B. Cells

• 1. Cells are the basic organizational units of
  life.
• 2. Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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• 3. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus.
• 4. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA.

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• 5. All eukaryoic cells have three basic parts.
• a. A plasma membrane
• b. Cytoplasm
• c. A nucleus

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C. Plasma membrane

• 1. Outer boundary of the cell.
• 2. Fluid mosaic model a membrane has two layers
  of proteins and phospholipids.

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• 3. The membrane is constantly changing shape and
  shifting. There may be many types of proteins
  dispersed through the membrane.

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• 4. The membrane is selectively permeable. This
  means they let some things through while keeping
  others out.

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• D. How do things cross the membrane? There are 7
  ways!

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• 1. Simple diffusion the movement of particles
  from areas of high concentration to areas of low
  concentration.

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• 2. Facilitated diffusion carrier proteins help
  molecules get across the membrane.

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• 3. Osmosis the diffusion of water. Tonicity
  refers to the relative concentration of solutes
  in water inside and outside the cell.

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• a. ISOTONIC same concentration inside as
  outside the cell. (no effect on cell)

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• b. HYPERTONIC Concentration is higher outside
  the cell than inside the cell. (The cell shrinks)

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• c. HYPOTONIC Concentration is higher inside the
  cell than outside. (the cell swells)

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• 4. Filtration uses water pressure to force
  molecules across the membrane.

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• 5. Active transport moves molecules from areas
  of low concentration to high concentration.(opposi
  te of diffusion) Requires ATP energy.

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• 6. Endocytosis The bulk movement of particles
  across the membrane INTO the cell. There are 3
  types!

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• a. Pinocytosis the taking in of fluids.
• b. Phagocytosis the taking in of solids.

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• c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a
  protein to bring molecules into the cell.

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• 7. Exocytosis Molecules are removed from the
  cell in packets called vesicles.

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• E. Organelles

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• 1. VACUOLE a membrane-bound fluid filled sac
  within the cytoplasm of a cell. Animal cells have
  many small ones.

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• 2. MITOCHONDRIA among the largest organelles,
  surrounded by a double membrane, produces small
  energy packets that can be used by the cell.
  Powerhouse .

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• 3. NUCLEUS large round body, the most prominent
  structure in the cell, it is enclosed by a
  nuclear membrane. Chromosomes with genetic info
  are inside the nucleus.

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• 4. RIBOSOMES most numerous and smallest of the
  organelles, it is the site of protein synthesis.
  Often associated with endoplasmic reticulum.

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• 5. ENDOPLASMIC
• RETICULUM
• Makes proteins and
• hormones.Transports
• material throughout
• the cell. Comes in
• smooth and rough.

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• 6. GOLGI BODIES flattened stacked sacs, acts as
  a distribution center, packages and routes
  products throughout the cell.

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• 7. CILIA Short hair-like projections used for
  locomotion and to sense the environment

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• 8. FLAGELLA long thread-like structures used
  for locomotion.

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• Cilia and flagella have filaments made of a
  protein called tubulin

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• 9. MICROFILAMENTS thin protein fibers in
  cytoplasm, helps the cell change shape.

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• 10. MICROTUBULES hollow cylinders of protein,
  provide support.

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• 11. CYTOSKELETON holds the cell upright and
  helps give it shape, helps it move, and holds
  other organelles in place.

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• 12. LYSOSOMES bags of enzymes, they are
  involved in breaking down material.
• stomach gt

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• 13. CYTOPLASM a jelly-like substance made of
  proteins dissolved in water.

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• A semifluid phase of cytoplasm where metabolic
  reactions occur is called the cytosol.

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F. Levels of Organization

• 1. First level protoplasmic organization.
  Examples include euglena, amoeba, paramecium.

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• 2. Second level cellular organization, division
  of labor. Ex. some sponges.

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• 3. Third level tissue level, no organs. Ex.
  Jellyfish

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• 4. Fourth level organ level, organs composed of
  one or more tissues. Ex. flatworms.

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• 5. Fifth level system level, organs work
  together to form systems. Ex. most animals.

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G. Tissue Types

• A tissue is a group of similar cells specialized
  for a specific job. There are 4 types of animal
  tissue.

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• 1. EPITHELIAL
• Usually covers or lines something.
• Renewable

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• Can be found lining the intestine, in the
  kidneys, the skin, etc.
• Classified on the basis of shape and number of
  layers present.

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• Simple one layer
• Stratified two or more layers
• Squamous flat
• Cuboidal cube shaped
• Columnar column shaped

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• 2.CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Supports and binds
• Loose connective tissue helps connect skin to
  underlying muscle.

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• Fiberous connective tissue creates very strong
  cords like ligaments (connect bone to bone) and
  tendons (connect muscle to bones or other muscles.

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• Adipose tissue fat
• Cartilage hard and flexible tissue for support

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• Bone hard. Provides protection and support.
  Spaces within bone or cartilage which house the
  living cells are called lacunae.

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• Blood a fluid connective tissue that transports
  material throughout the body.

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• 3. Muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle attaches to bone and is used for
  movement

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• Smooth muscle creates a churning motion and helps
  move material around inside the body.

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• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.

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• Nervous tissue
• Neurons are impulse conducting cells

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• Neuroglia are involved in protection, support,
  and nourishment

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• Peripheral glial cells form sheaths that protect
  the nervous system.

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• Know pictures of
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Simple columnar epithelium

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• Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium

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• Adipose tissue
• Bone tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle