Heterotroph Nutrition

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Heterotroph Nutrition
Slide 1

• All the activities by which an organism obtains
  and uses food from the environment for growth and
  repair of cells
• Ingestion-take in
• Digestion-breakdown
• Egestion-removal of waste

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Amoeba
Slide 2
Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid)
Ingestion
Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Digestion
Exocytosis
Egestion
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Types of Ingestion or Endocytosis
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
Process where cell membrane pinches in drawing
molecules into the cell forming a pinocytic
vesicle
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Process where pseudopods of a cell flow around
matter and engulf it forming a food vacuole.
Pseudo false and Pod foot Pseudopod false
foot
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Amoeba
Slide 3
Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Requires Energy
ATP
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Paramecium
Slide 4
Cilia beat food into oral groove and gullet
forms food vacuole
Ingestion
Digestion
Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Egestion
Waste out anal pore
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Nutrients
Slide 5

• The substances in food that an organism needs and
  uses for its life functions

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Function of Nutrients
Slide 6

1. They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life
   activities of cells
2. They supply chemicals needed for growth and
   repair of cells
3. They regulate proper functioning of the cell

How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain
life activities?????
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Slide 7
Human Digestive System
(Extra-cellular Digestion)
Alimentary Canal
Tube within a tube body construction
Mouth
Accessory Organs
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Pancreas
Stomach
Liver
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
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Human Digestive system
Slide 8
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Mouth
Esophagus
Teeth/Tongue
Liver
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Colon
Small Intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
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Slide 9
Mouth Pharynx
Click to enlarge
Mechanical Digestion

• breaks foods into smaller
• pieces

- increases surface area
- chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue)
Chemical Digestion
- salivary glands release amylase
(starch ? maltose)
(works best at pH 8)
Note Epiglottis covers opening of trachea
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Which type of digestion is the following?
Slide 10
Mechanical

• Chewing a saltine? -
• 2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into
  molecules of glucose? -
• 3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger
  apart?
• 4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking
  the hamburger into amino acids?

Chemical
Mechanical
Chemical
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Slide 11
Esophagus
- connects pharynx to stomach
- peristalsis
(wave of muscular contractions of alimentary
canal)
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Slide 12
Stomach
(holds 2 liters of food)
Mechanical Digestion churning of stomach
Chemical Digestion glands

• Gastric Gland

• secretes acidic gastric
• juices (pH 2)

• contains HCl

• contains enzyme pepsin

(proteins ? smaller polypeptides)
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Slide 13
What stimulates gastric juice flow?
1) thought,
smell,
sight,
and taste
2) food entering the stomach
3) food touching stomach lining
Stomach Factoids

• liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes

• solids pass through in 2-6 hours

• Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach

• Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting
• part of stomach wall

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Gastric Bypass Surgery
Slide 14
Small Intestine
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Slide 15
Small Intestine
- Length 6.5 meters
- Diameter 2.5 cm
- pH 8
Functions

• Chemical Digestion (most)

• Absorption of Nutrients

Peristalsis

• moves food through intestine

• mixes food with enzymes

• mechanical digestion

• speeds up absorption

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Small Intestine
Slide 16
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Slide 17
Food mixes with

• Bile from liver

• Pancreatic juices from pancreas (enzymes)

• Intestinal juices from intestinal glands
  (enzymes)

Bile
- produced by liver
- stored in gallbadder
- released into upper small intestine
Function

• Emulsification of fats

(break into droplets)

• Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach

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Absorption
Slide 18
Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb

• simple sugars (glucose)

• amino acids

• vitamins

• minerals

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Slide 19
Adaptations that increase surface area of
intestine
(6.5 meters or 21 feet)

• Length

• Lining has folds

• Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining)

Absorption involves diffusion and active transport
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Regents Practice
Slide 20

• The pancreas is an organ connected to the
  digestive tract of humans by a duct through which
  digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are
  important to the digestive system because they
• Form proteins needed in the stomach
• Form the acids that break down food
• Change food substances into molecules that can
  pass into the bloodstream and cells
• Change food materials into wastes that can be
  passed out of the body.

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Large Intestine
Colon
Slide 21
Length 1.5 meters
Diameter 6 cm
No digestion occurs here
Function

• Absorption of water

- Diarrhea (too little absorption)
- Constipation (too much absorption)

• Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B

Note Appendix is attached between small and
large intestine (vestigial organ)
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the quest for Polyps
Slide 22

• Colonoscopy

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Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_)
Slide 23

• Polyps are small growths on the inner colon
  lining that look like warts.

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Removal Colon Polyps_)
Slide 24

• You may be more likely to get colon polyps if
  you
• eat a lot of fatty foods
• smoke
• drink alcohol
• dont exercise
• weigh too much

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Rectum
Slide 25

• temporary storage of feces (stool)

• feces is primarily undigested material

Anus
(anal sphincter)

• releases waste into environment
  (egestion/defecate)

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End Products of Digestion(Hydrolysis)
Slide 26

• Proteins ?
• Carbohydrates ?
• Lipids ?

amino acids
glucose
fatty acids glycerol
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Regents Practice
Slide 27

• Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches,
  are too A to diffuse into cells. Proteins are
  digested to B and starches are digested to C.
• A. A- large, B-simple sugars, C- amino acids
• B. A- small, B-simple sugars, C-amino acids
• C. A-large, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars
• D. A-small, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars

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Disorders of the Digestive Tract
Slide 28
Body Atlas Digestive Problems
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Heartburn
Slide 29

• ACID from the stomach backs up into the
  esophagus.

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Constipation
Slide 30

• To much water is absorbed by the large
  intestine.
• Also can exist due to lack of roughage.
• Results in solid/hardened stool

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Diarrhea
Slide 31

• Decreased water absorption and increased
  peristaltic activity of large intestine.
• Results in an increased watery feces.
  

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Gallstones
Slide 32

• An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits
  in the
• gall bladder.
• Can either be passed (OUCH!!) or surgically
  removed

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Nutritional Requirements
Slide 33

• RDA- recommended daily allowance
• intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient

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Nutritional requirements vary with
individualsagesexheightweightactivities
Slide 34
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Recommended Daily Calories For MenMiddle Age
Group With Moderate Activity
Slide 35
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Recommended Daily Calories For WomenMiddle Age
Group With Moderate Activity
Slide 36
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Fast Food Nutritional Info
Slide 37
Whopper w.Cheese 760 CAL. Vanilla
Shake small 360 CAL Super Size Fries
540 CAL Diet Coke 0
CAL Supposed to be 1660 CAL
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Fast Food Nutritional Info
Slide 38
Regular Slice Cheese Pizza 380 Cal Regular
Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal Regular Slice
Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL Supposed to be 1302
CAL
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