States of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness

• Conscious
• Controlled Process
• Automatic Process
• Daydreaming
• Unconscious
• Sleep
• Altered States

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Conscious
Preconscious/subconscious
Unconscious
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Why do we daydream?

• Help us prepare for future events.

• Nourish our social development.

• Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

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Biological Rhythms
Annual Cycles seasonal variations (bears
hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day
cycles menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle our
circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle sleep cycles.
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Circadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clock.
• Our body temperature and awareness changes
  throughout the day.
• It is best to take a test or study during your
  circadian peaks.

How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet
lag?
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Sleep
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Sleep Stages

• 5 identified stages of sleep 1-4 are NREM, 5
  REM.
• 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
• Brain waves will change according to the sleep
  stage you are in.

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Alpha Stage

• a transition stage- you are not a sleep yet!
• Person is becoming drowsy
• Alpha waves present

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Stage One

• lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies
  approximately 2-5 of a normal night of sleep.
• Easily awoken
• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude,
  low frequency (slow))
• brief periods of alpha waves

Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
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Stage Two

• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
  of sleep.
• Theta waves sleep spindles
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and
  occupies approximately 45-60 of sleep.

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Stage Three Four

• Stages 3 and 4 are Delta waves, "slow wave" sleep
  and may last 15-30 minutes.
• brain activity slows down dramatically and the
  height (amplitude) of the waves increases
  dramatically.

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Stage Three and Four (continued)

• delta sleep is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not
  REM) and the most restorative. Production of
  growth hormones.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
  brain craves the most.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40 of
  all sleep time

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Stage Five REM SLEEP

• REM Rapid Eye Movement
• very active stage of sleep.
• Composes 20-25 of a normal nights sleep.
• Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
  quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• Body is essentially paralyzed during REM
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2

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REM Rebound

• The tendency for REM sleep to increase following
  REM sleep deprivation.

You will dream a lot.
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How much sleep do we need?

• We all need different amounts of sleep depending
  on our age and genetics.
• But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

How do you feel when you dont get enough sleep?
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Sleep Disorders
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Insomnia

• Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
• Most common sleep disorder- more common in women
• Causes
• Environmental stresses
• Biological predisposal- hyperarousal model
• Treatment Sedatives (tolerance, dependency,
  dangerous with other drugs)

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Narcolepsy

• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

• Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during
  times of stress or joy).
• Genetic condition treated with stimulants .001
  of population.

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Sleep Apnea

• temporary cessations of breathing during sleep
  (minimum of 10 sec.) and consequent momentary
  reawakenings.
• Accompanied by loud snoring
• Causes Genetic Lifestyle
• Treatment Lifestyle changes like weight loss,
  oral devices to improve air flow

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Night Terrors

• A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal
  and an appearance of being terrified.
• Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often
  remembered.
• Usually a temporary problem that does not require
  treatment

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Sleepwalking(Somnambulism)

• 15 children 3 adults experience sleepwalking.
• occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or
  stage 4 sleep) early in the night.
• Causes unknown but seems to have genetic
  predisposition

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Dreams

• A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
  passing through a sleeping persons mind.

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Freuds Theory of Dreams

• Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.
• Manifest Content (storyline)
• Latent Content (underlying meaning)
• Wishfulfillments
• Sex Aggression
• Male v. Female sex symbols

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Information-Processing Theory- Cartwright
(Extension of Waking Life)

• Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of
  everyday life.
• We tend to dream more when we are stressed.
• Cognitive theory

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Activation-Synthesis Theory- Hobson McCarly

• Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random
  electrical activity we have while sleeping.
• That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.
• Biological Theory.

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NOVA Documentary

• What are Dreams?
• Ted Talk
• Russell Foster Why do we sleep?