Organic and Biochemical Compounds

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Organic and Biochemical Compounds
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• Organic compound a covalently bonded compound
  that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and
  oxides
• Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost
  always Hydrogen
• Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen Sulfur, and
  Phosphorus are also found in some organic
  compounds

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• Ex- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic
  acid, C9H8O4
• - sugarless chewing gum has organic
  compounds, sweeteners sorbitol C6H14O6 and
  aspartame C14H18N2O5.

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• When a compound is made of only carbon and
  hydrogen atoms, it is called Hydrocarbon
• Ex methane, carbon have 4 valence electrons,
  each of these electrons forms a different C-H
  single bond
• Carbon atoms can never form more than a total of
  four covalent bonds in organic compounds

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• Alkenes- are hydrocarbons that have only single
  covalent bonds
• Methane- CH4 has only C-H bonds
• Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C bond in addition to six
  C-H bonds
• Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded carbon atoms, each
  carbon forms three bonds with three hydrogen atoms

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• Arrangements of carbon in alkenes carbon atoms
  in any alkane with more than 3 carbon atoms can
  have more than one possible arrangement
• Except for cyclic alkenes like cyclohexane, the
  chemical formula for alkene CnH2n2

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Alkenes have double CC bonds
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• Alkenes are also carbohydrates
• They are called like alkanes but with the ane
  ending replaced by ene, they are different
  because they have at least one double covalent
  bond CC
• Ex - ethene (or ethylene) C2H4 is formed when
  fruit ripens
• -propene (or propylene) C3H6 is used to
  make rubbing alcohol and some plastics

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• Alcohol have -OH groups (or hydroxyl)
• Methanol CH3OH is added to ethanol CH3CH2OH, to
  make denatured alcohol
• Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol
  C3H8O or (CH3)2CHOH

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• DNA inside the cells of your body, rubber, wood ,
  and plastic milk jugs they all are made of large
  molecules called polymers
• Polymer a large moleule that is formed by more
  than five monomers, or small units

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• Many polymers have repeating subunits
• Poly means many
• Polyethene many ethenes, in this case C2H4 is
  called monomer
• Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA, protein)
  others are man-made (plastic or fibers)
• The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its
  structue (ex if you crush a milk jug, it does
  not return to its original shape-is not elastic)

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Biochemical Compounds

• Carbohydrate- any organic compound that is made
  of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that provides
  nutrients to the cells of living things
• Protein-an organic compound that is made of oneor
  more chains of amino cids and that is a principal
  component of all cell

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• Amino acid any one of 20 different organic
  molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino
  group and that to form proteins
• Ex insulin
• Many proteins are made of thousands of bonded
  amino acid molecules

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• DNA- is a polymer with a complex structure
• Your DNA- determines your entire genetic makeup
• DNA- is it made of organic molecules containing
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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• DNAs structure resembles a twisted ladder
• Attached to each sugar molecule is one of four
  possible DNA monomers adenine, thymine, cytosine
  or guanine
• Most ccells have a copy of your genetic material
  in the form of chromosomes made of DNA