Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic

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Chapter 9 Launching a New Republic

• This PowerPoint covers the people, issues, and
  events that are important to know as we look at
  the new government formed by the Constitution of
  the United States.

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1793 French King Louis XVI executed Reign of
Terror begins in France.
1800 Napoleon becomes First Consul of
France.
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Big Ideas

• Section 1
• Main Idea The President and the Congress began
  to set up the new government.
• Why It Matters The strength of the U.S. today is
  because of the decisions the Founding Fathers
  made about how to organize the government.

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George Washington

• Our Nations first president.
• Elected and Inaugurated in 1789 after the
  Constitution was ratified and went into effect.
• The only president to ever get 100 of the
  electoral vote (and he did it twice!)
• Refused, at first, to let Congress pay him
  because he was wealthy and saw himself as a
  servant of the people so he shouldnt be paid!

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Washington The Judiciary Branch

• Was able to appoint 10 Supreme Court Justices,
  more than any other president.
• Judiciary Act of 1789
• Signed into law by Washington
• Act set up the Supreme Court to have 6 members, 5
  Justices and 1 Chief Justice (this would later be
  changed to 9 total).
• Also gave the Supreme Court the right to issue
  certain rulings outside of their jurisdiction
  which will later be declared unconstitutional.

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George Washington Cont.

• Set many precedents as president
• A precedent is a decision someone makes on how to
  handle an issue that then becomes a rule on how
  others will follow later in dealing with similar
  situations.
• Appointed a cabinet of officials to give him
  advice on how to deal with issues while he was
  president.
• He only ran for president twice, this was
  followed by each president until Franklin D.
  Roosevelt ran 4 times during the 1930s and 40s.

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Cabinet
Washingtons
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Washingtons Cabinet

• Thomas Jefferson 1st Secretary of State
• Wanted the expansion of states rights (fought
  for the Bill of Rights to be added to the
  Constitution).
• Liked the idea that the federal government would
  be weak compared to the states.
• Wanted the US to be more rural and full of
  farmers.
• Would become part of the Democratic Republican
  Party.

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Thomas Jefferson
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Washingtons Cabinet

• Alexander Hamilton 1st Secretary of the
  Treasury
• A member of the Continental Congress
  Constitutional Convention.
• Co-Authored the Federalist papers, wanted a
  strong federal government.
• Thought the way to pay for our Revolutionary War
  debts was to raise money through Tariffs (taxes
  on imported goods).
• Tariffs would raise money for the government,
  encourage American industry, encourage
  Americans to buy more American-made goods!
• Thought the US should be urban (full of cities
  and manufacturing).

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Alexander Hamilton
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Alexander Hamilton The Bank of the United States

• Hamilton wanted to create an official bank of the
  United States.
• He believed that having a bank to issue currency
  and make loans to businesses would strengthen the
  United States.
• Other people, including Thomas Jefferson and
  James Madison, opposed the bank because they
  feared the national government would gain too
  much power.
• They also didnt believe that the government had
  the power to create a bank at all.
• Washington heard both sides but eventually
  decided to go with Hamilton and allow the
  creation on the bank.

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Alexander Hamilton The Bank of the United States

• Hamiltons financial plan for the United States
  had 3 parts
• 1) create the national bank
• 2) paying off war debts (by using revenue from
  tariffs)
• 3) raising money for the government!

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Big Ideas

• Section 2
• Main Idea Washington established authority of
  the national government at home and avoided war
  with European powers.
• Why It Matters Washingtons policies at home and
  abroad set an example for later presidents.

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Domestic Issues Facing Washington (Domestic
Inside the US)

• Debate on the National Bank
• Whiskey Rebellion 1794
• 1791 Congress applied a tax on whiskey.
• Farmers refused to pay the tax
• They needed whiskey to trade for goods
• Grain was MUCH harder to transport than whiskey
  was
• Washington called out the state militia to put
  down the rebellion which they did with no
  problem.
• The Whiskey Rebellion was important because it
  confirmed the authority of the federal government
  over the people of the US!

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Foreign Issues Facing Washington(Foreign
Outside the US)

• War between Britain and France
• Each nation wanted us to take sides.
• Caused tensions to grow with Britain.
• The Jay Treaty helped ease tensions w/ Britain.
• Britain agreed to leave forts near the Great
  Lakes.
• Revolutionary debts were forgiven.
• Britains colonies in the West Indies were NOT
  opened to trade with America.
• Ended up avoiding war with Britain and instead
  allowed the US to have a decade of Prosperity!

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Big Ideas

• Section 3
• Main Idea The split between Hamilton and
  Jefferson led to the growth of political parties.
• Why It Matters The two-party system is still a
  major feature of politics in the United States.

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Washingtons Farewell Address

• The great rule of conduct for us in regard to
  foreign nations isto have with them as little
  political connection as possible. So far as we
  have already formed engagements let them be
  fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
  stop.
• Washington wanted the US to follow a foreign
  policy based on the principle of non-involvement
  in European affairs (avoid entangling alliances).
• Trade was fine, but he wanted us to not get
  involved with anything happening across the ocean
  or we might get pulled into their problems.

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Other points of Washingtons Farewell Address

• Warned against creating political parties.
• He felt that political parties would do nothing
  but split the people into factions (groups)
  against each other instead of everyone working
  for the good of the United States.
• Warned against taxing the American people too
  heavily.
• He felt the people would not soon forget what
  Britain had done to the colonies with taxes and
  that we should be careful not to repeat the same
  mistakes.

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Development of Political Parties

• Disagreements over Alexander Hamiltons financial
  program and wanting to create a national bank
  split Congress into factions.

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Development of Political Parties

• Alexander Hamilton the Federalists-
• Believed in a strong national government
• Believed in LOOSE CONSTRUCTION (interpretation)
  of the Constitution.
• Thought the Constitution was just a base-line of
  powers given to the government.
• The government, according to federalists, could
  do more if it was necessary to run the government
  effectively.
• They also believed in the Elastic Clause.
• Early Leaders included Alexander Hamilton John
  Adams.

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Development of Political Parties Cont.

• The Elastic Clause
• Also called the Necessary Proper Clause.
• Listed in Article I section 18 of the
  Constitution (where the powers of Congress are
  specifically listed)
• This is what gave Federalists the idea that
  government had more powers than just those listed
  in the Constitution.
• To make all laws which shall be necessary and
  proper for carrying into execution the forgoing
  powers, and all other powers vested by this
  Constitution in the government of the United
  States, or in any department or officer thereof.
• .. What is this saying? Does it give Hamilton
  and the Federalists the power to do things NOT
  listed in the Constitution or must they still
  follow it to the letter?????

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Alexander Hamilton the Federalists-

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Development of Political Parties Cont.

• Thomas Jefferson the Democratic-Republicans-
• Believed in a LIMITED national government.
• Believed in a STRICT CONSTRUCTION
  (interpretation) of the Constitution.
• Thought the Constitution stated THE ONLY THINGS
  the government could do.
• According to the Democratic Republicans, the
  Constitution could not be added to on an as
  needed basis. If it was listed in the
  Constitution, the government had the power to do
  it but if it wasnt, too bad.
• Early leaders included Thomas Jefferson James
  Madison

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Thomas Jefferson the Democratic-Republicans-
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POV-Through the EYES of Federalist
Democratic-Republicans

1. Draw 2 pairs of eyeglasses. Label 1 Federalist
   and the other Democratic-Republicans.
2. In the left lens of each pair of eyeglasses, list
   the beliefs of that party in your own words.
3. In the right lens, create a symbol to represent
   that party.

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Birth of Political Parties

• Disagreements over Hamiltons financial plan
  split congress into two factions (this is the
  birth of political parties).
• Federalists belief in a strong national
  government
• Loose interpretation of the constitution.
• Early leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John
  Adams
• Had a fear of mob rule
• Favored a national bank
• Wanted an economy based on manufacturing and
  shipping
• Supported by lawyers, merchants, manufacturers,
  and clergy (members of the church)
• Democratic-Republicans belief in a limited
  national government
• Strict interpretation of the constitution.
• Early leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James
  Madison.
• Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few
• Opposed the national bank
• Wanted an economy based on farming
• Supported by farmers and trades people

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Whos POV is it?

1. believe that the government should make laws that
   protect American businesses, especially new
   factories that are popping up in the northeastern
   states of Massachusetts and Connecticut
2. party is made up of farmers from the South and
   from the newly admitted western states of
   Kentucky and Tennessee.
3. dislikes the king, but believe the rich are the
   best rulers as opposed to the common folk