Exploration

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Exploration
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Trade Routesthe motive

• 1453 the Ottoman Empire has spread and conquered
  Constantinople
• Ottoman Empire was engaged in war with Spain and
  other European countries
• DISRUPTION TO TRADE

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Trade Routesthe motive the 3 Gs

• Gold explore to gain wealth through gold,
  silver, trade
• God explore to convert indigenous people to
  Christianity (Catholic)
• Glory explore to gain status such as a title of
  nobility

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New Technologythe means

• New, lighter ships
• Better sails
• Astrolabe for navigating better
• Magnetic Compass

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Portugal Leads the Way
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Exploring

• Portugal
• Prince Henry established a school for navigation
• Bartolomeu Dias found the Cape of Good Hope 1488

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Exploring

• Portugal
• Vasco da Gama rounded the tip of Africa to India
  in 1497
• Colonized E. Africa for access to Indian Ocean
  trade and Asia goods
• The Magellans crew circumnavigated (sailed
  around) the globe in 1522

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Spain Also Makes Claims
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• Christopher Columbus is a perfect symbol for the
  spirit of this age. He was deeply religious and
  in many ways his faith made him seem to be a man
  of the Middle Ages, yet, he also had a profound
  curiosity about the world and science.
• He was an excellent navigator and was superb at
  using the new tools for navigation that were
  being developed as part of the Renaissance.
• He seems to have one foot in the Middle Ages,
  and one foot in the Renaissance.

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Sir Francis Drake

• English explorer
• Raided the treasures from America on many Spanish
  ships

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Jacques Cartier

• 1534 explored the St. Lawrence River helping
  France to establish a colony in
  N. America
  (modern Canada)

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Colonization

• Spain established colonies in Central and South
  America
• Portugal established the colony of Brazil in S.
  America
• England established colonies on the east coast of
  N. America
• France established colonies in northern North
  America

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Name Nationality Main Achievements Date
De Soto, Hernando Spanish Explored American Southeast reached Mississippi River. 1539-1542
Dias, Bartolomeu Portuguese First European to round the Cape of Good Hope. 1487-1488
Drake, Sir Francis English First English explorer to sail around the world. 1577-1580
Magellan, Ferdinand Portuguese Commanded first globe-circling voyage, completed in 1522 after his death. 1519-1521
Pizarro, Francisco Spanish Conquered Peru founded Lima. 1531-1535
Ponce de Leon, Juan Spanish Explored Florida. 1513
Vespucci, Amerigo Italian Sailed to the West Indies and South America. 1499-1504
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Name Nationality Main Achievements Date
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de Spanish Led expedition across Isthmus of Panama sighted Pacific Ocean. 1513
Cabot, John Italian Sailed across the North Atlantic to what is now Canada. 1497-1498
Cartier, Jacques French Sailed up the St. Lawrence River. 1535
Columbus, Christopher Italian Made four voyages to the West Indies and Caribbean lands. 1492-1504
Cortes, Hernando Spanish Conquered Mexico. 1519-1521
Da Gama, Vasco Portuguese First European to reach India by sea. 1498
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Cortez Pizarro

• Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs in Mexico in
  1519
• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in Peru in
  1539

• MAC PIPMexico/Aztecs/CortesPeru/Incas/Pizarro

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Spanish Conquests in Mexico
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Spanish Conquests in Peru
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Spanish Conquistadors

• Most conquers were of lesser nobility looking
  for treasure
• Indians died of European diseases, were murdered,
  forced to convert to Catholicism, speak Spanish,
  new mestizo race formed

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New World Classes

• Peninsulares Spanish people born in Spain 1st
  class
• Creoles Spanish people born in America 2nd
  class

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Mercantilism

• Mercantilism economic system designed to
  benefit the mother country
• To get more GOLD (cash) a nation must sell more
  then it buys means exports must be greater than
  imports
• Colonialism and mercantilism are driven by a
  hunger for MMs
• Cheap Raw Materials Inputs for factories
• New Markets for export (places to sell outputs)

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Wealth for Spain

• Spain gained great wealth from its American
  colonies
• Potosi silver mine in S. America a major
  source of wealth for Spanish crown

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Trade

• Global trade increased
• Columbian Exchange exchange of European goods
  and American goods (tomatoes for potatoes)
• Triangular Trade trade between N. America,
  Africa, and Caribbean (rum for slaves for sugar)

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New World Slavery
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New World Slavery Brings Changes

• African Societies are disrupted
• African families suffer
• Africans change the New World population and
  culture.

• Slavery itself changes1) Racial2) Permanent
  3) Hereditary4) 7-yr lifespan

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Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange
From Old World to New World From New World to Old World
wheat sugar bananas rice grapes horses pigs cattle sheep chickens smallpox measles typhus corn potato beans peanuts squash pumpkin tomatoes avocados chili pepper pineapple cocoa tobacco quinine (a medicine for malaria)
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Slavery

• Slaves from Africa were brought to the Americas
  to work on sugar plantations in Caribbean and
  Brazil, and tobacco and cotton plantations in N.
  America
• Most all slaves were
  sent to Caribbean

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Impact

• Indians died of disease
• Indians were mistreated, forced into slavery and
  murdered in war

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Impact

• Catholicism was forced on the Indians

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Impact

• Spanish culture was imposed on the Indians
  language, dress

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Impact
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Impacts of Global Trade
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