NOTES part 4 : Skeletal Organization, continued (Ch 7)

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NOTES part 4 Skeletal Organization, continued
(Ch 7)
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PECTORAL GIRDLE

• The pectoral (or shoulder) girdle is composed
  of two clavicles and two scapulae. It forms an
  incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and
  provides attachments for muscles.

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PECTORAL GIRDLE

• ? CLAVICLES
• Clavicles are rodlike bones located between the
  manubrium and scapulae
• They hold the shoulders in place and provide
  attachments for muscles.

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PECTORAL GIRDLE

• ? SCAPULAE
• The scapulae are broad, triangular bones
• They articulate with the humerus of each upper
  limb and provide attachments for muscles
• Prominent features of each scapulae are the
• ? Acromion process (forms tip of shoulder)
• ? Coracoid process (curves toward clavicle)
• 3. Glenoid cavity- arm socket

acromion pr.
coracoid pr.
Glenoid cavity
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UPPER LIMB

• Bones of the upper limb provide the framework
  and attachment for muscles, and function in
  levers that move the limb and its parts.

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UPPER LIMB

• ? HUMERUS
• The humerus extends from the scapula to the
  elbow
• It articulates with the radius and ulna at the
  elbow
• Bone markings on the humerus
• Proximal epiphysis- head,
• Diaphysis- deltoid tuberosity
• Distal epiphysis- olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa

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UPPER LIMB

• ? ULNA
• The ulna is longer than the radius
• It articulates with the radius laterally and
  with a disc of fibrocartilage inferiorly
• Bone Markings
• Olecranon process projects posteriorly
• Coronoid process projects anteriorly
• ? RADIUS
• Located on the THUMB SIDE of the forearm
  between the elbow and the wrist
• It articulates with the humerus, ulna, and
  wrist

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• ? WRIST and HAND
• Wrist is composed of 8 carpal bones
• The pisiform is the only carpal visible from the
  surface of the skin (projection under the pinky)
• The hand includes 5 metacarpal bones and 14
  phalanges
• Each finger has a proximal, middle, and distal
  phalanx (except the thumb, which lacks a middle
  phalanx)

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PELVIC GIRDLE

• The pelvic girdle consists of 2 COXAE that
  articulate with each other anteriorly and with
  the SACRUM posteriorly.

Coxal bone
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PELVIC GIRDLE

• ? PELVIS
• the SACRUM, COCCYX, and PELVIC GIRDLE form the
  bowl-shaped pelvis

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PELVIC GIRDLE

• ? COXAE
• Each coxa consists of an ILIUM, ISCHIUM, and
  PUBIS, which are fused together
• ILIUM -largest portion of the coxa
• -joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
• ISCHIUM-lowest portion of the coxa
• -supports body weight when sitting
• PUBIS -the anterior portion of the coxa
• -the pubic bones are fused anteriorly at
• the SYMPHISIS PUBIS (widens during
  childbirth)
• Acetabulum - Hip socket
• Formed by union of ilium, ischium, and pubis

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LOWER LIMB

• Bones of the lower limb provide frameworks for
  the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

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LOWER LIMB

• ? FEMUR
• The femur extends from the hip to the knee
• Thigh bone
• Longest and heaviest in the body
• Proximal Epiphyseal Projections
• Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters

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Lower Limb

• The PATELLA articulates with the femurs anterior
  surface
• More commonly know as the kneecap

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LOWER LIMB

• ? TIBIA
• Located on the medial side of the lower
• leg
• Articulates with the TALUS of the ankle
• Talus fits between medial malleolus of the tibia
  and lateral malleolus of the fibula
• Projections- tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus

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• ? FIBULA
• Located on the lateral side of the tibia
• Articulates with the ankle but does not bear
  body weight
• Projection-
• lateral
• malleolus

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LOWER LIMB

• ? ANKLE and FOOT
• The ankle and foot consist of the 7 tarsals, 5
  metatarsals, and 14 phalanges
• Each toe has a proximal, middle, and distal
  phalanx (except the big toe, which lacks a
  middle phalanx)

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• The foot is made of arches which make it more
  structurally sound
• Medial Longitudinal Arch
• Tarsals- calcaneus, Talus, navicular, cuneiforms
• First 3 metatarsals
• Lateral Longitudinal Arch
• Tarsals- Calcaneous and cuboid
• 4th and 5th metatarsals
• Transverse Arch
• Distal row of tarsals (talus, navicular,
  cuneiforms, calcaneous)
• 5th metatarsals
• Fallen Arches- Flat feet
• When ligaments and tendons holding bones together
  weaken

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