Urbanisation

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Urbanisation
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• URBANISATION
• The increasing proportion of people living in
  towns and cities

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• A history of urbanisation
• 5000 BC The first documented cities are thought
  to have been in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• 753 BC Rome thought to be the most important
  city for more than 500 years. It is believed at
  one stage that it reached 1 million, although it
  varied significantly throughout the period.
• 16TH C Population reliant of subsistence
  agriculture in rural areas. Towns and cities
  provided markets for trade and some small scale
  industries.
• 18THC 3 of world population inhabit urban
  areas.
• 19th C Mechanisation of agriculture led to large
  scale rural-urban migration in Britain, followed
  by Europe and then North America. Englands urban
  population rises from 17-72 within 100 years.
• 19th C Industrial revolution leads to boom in
  commerce, industry and trade in industrial cities
  in Britain e.g. Manchester. Expansion of world
  trade through improved transport.
• 20th C 15 of world population live in cities.
• 1950 New York becomes the worlds first mega
  city.
• 1950 Urbanisation begins to spread to the
  developing world.
• 1950 Transport improvements lead to urban sprawl
  in MEDCs. The wealthy move to the suburbs leading
  to a trend of suburbanisation.
• 1970s Trend of counter-urbanisation in MEDCs due
  to cities becoming increasingly unpleasant places
  to live. This was also enabled by changes in work
  e.g. decentralisation and improvements to
  infrastructure.
• 1980s Re-urbanisation in MEDCs as a result of
  urban regeneration and gentrification.
• 2007 50 of world population live in cities.
• 2013 85 of Europeans inhabit cities. 25
  megacities globally 20 of which are in
  LICs/MICS. I billion people inhabit urban shanty
  towns. Largest mega city Tokyo 35 million.
• 2050 The number of people living in cities will
  rise to 75. The new urban boom is being led by
  the mega cities. There will be at least 10 cities
  in Asia with over 20 million people, including
  Dhaka, Shanghai and Mumbai.

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A cycle of urbanisation
Rural-urban migration
Suburbanisation
Re-urbanisation
Counter-urbanisation
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• Why have these people moved to the city?

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• The population of the world is increasing.
• More and more of the people of the world are
  living in cities.

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Objective 1 what are the main reasons for urban
growth in LICS?

• What are the reasons for this growth in LICS?

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World Urbanisation the causes

• Some of the population growth in cities is from
  natural increase (more births than deaths to
  people already living in cities).
• The greatest cause of urban growth is MIGRATION
  from RURAL areas to URBAN areas rural urban
  migration

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PUSH-PULL MODEL

• People move because they think life will be
  better in Urban areas. There will be factors
  which PUSH them from where they live now (RURAL
  ORIGIN), and PULL them to a new place (URBAN
  DESTINATION)

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• The push from the countryside
• Lack of jobs other than poorly paid farm work
• Lack of services such as doctors
• Lack of opportunity for life to be better for
  your children

• The pull of the cities
• Chances of regular paid work
• Chances of better health services and schools.
• Chances of a more interesting life
• Better prospects for children to survive and
  thrive
• Desperation to avoid starvation in the rural
  areas.

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Whats driving Contemporary Urbanisation - the
Rural PUSH or Urban PULL?
Push Rural Population Pressure
Pull Employment Prospects
Push Low Agricultural production/income
Pull Meeting Social Needs education / health
Push Health Education Issues
Pull Quality of housing and social amenities
Pull Security / being with relatives
Push Natural disasters (floods, drought)
Push Rural unrest/safety concerns/other
Pull Other reasons
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• Urbanisation is most rapid in cities in LEDCs.
• Cities like Dhaka in Bangladesh, Delhi, Bangalore
  and Mumbai in India and Lagos in Nigeria are
  getting bigger with rapidly growing populations.
• The number of MEGA CITIES (population over 10
  million) is increasing.

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The rapid growth of urban areas in LEDCs

• December 15th 2006 from this date more people
  on earth live in CITIES than in RURAL areas. The
  first time this has happened in human history. A
  new milestone for humanity.
• The cities which are growing fastest are in LEDCs

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• Rapid RURAL-URBAN migration is one of the main
  causes of rapid city growth in LEDCs
• Cities in S. America have passed their fastest
  growth rate.
• Cities in Asia are growing at their fastest at
  the moment
• Cities in Africa have yet to grow at the maximum
  rate
• Cities in N. America and Europe are DECLINING as
  people choose to leave them.

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Key World Cities Terms
Millionaire Cities cities with over 1m
inhabitants
Megacities cities with over 10 m inhabitants
(20 in 2009, 15 are in LEDCs)
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Tokyo A Massive Urban Area
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What are the Needs of so many people living in
urban concentrations?
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What are the Impacts of the rapid growth of
cities ?
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BBC link
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• Using the blank world map, mark on and name the
  (5) million cities in 1955, and then using a
  new colour for each decade mark on and name
  each new city as it appears on the map. What do
  you notice about
• a) the overall location pattern of all the major
  cities in the world
• b) The changing distribution pattern of the major
  cities 1955-2015

3. Use the scroll time-line on the population
change in the continents. Which 2 continents show
the most dramatic growth in total
population? What do you notice about Europes
population compared to the others? Looking at
the proportion of rural/urban dwellers, whats
the evidence that S. America has seen its fastest
urban growth already? Which continents cities
are growing most rapidly now? What is the
prospect for Africas cities in the future and
how can you tell?
2. What was the worlds Rural/urban balance in
1955. What will it be by 2015. In which year
does it pass the 5050 value to favour urban
dwellers How do you account for this change?
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The global pattern of urbanisation

• In 1955 most cities with more than 5M people were
  in the northern hemisphere and the majority were
  in developed countries e.g. in the regions of
  north America and Europe.
• By 2015 Asia is the region with the most cities
  exceeding 5M people. There are many more
  countries in the southern hemisphere that have
  these large cities and the highest concentration
  of large cities is now in the developing world.

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Case Study Rural-urban migration Bangalore India
I can explain the Reasons for the rapid growth of urban areas in LICs.
I can relate this rapid growth to a case study.
I understand the effects of rapid growth in LICS.
I can relate the effects of rapid growth to a case study.
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Case study Rapid growth in Bangalore
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Case study information notes from DVD

• Remember to use specific place names/ figures
  etc
• Why are Indias cities growing (specifically
  Bangalore)?
• What are the problems with access to housing?
• What are problems with access to employment?
• What is being done about it- water and sanitation
  and self help schemes

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Bangalore Information

• Population
• 6 million
• 5th largest city
• in India

• Bangalore

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• Contrasts in development

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• Bangalore Palace

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Questions from the June 2011 paper!

• Suggest reasons for rapid growth in urban areas
  in LICS (3)
• Explain the effects of rapid urban growth. Chosen
  LIC area (6)

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Mark scheme
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Peer assessment
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