Moss

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Kingdom Plantae
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cell walls -cellulose
sexual asexual reproduction
plants
eukaryotic
multicellular
autotrophic
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Minerals
Sunlight
What plants need to live
Gas Exchange
Water
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Land Adaptations
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
modern plants

• To move from the water to land, plants had to
  adapt
• systems that would support their weight
• provide transport of water and nutrients
• protection from drying out,
• and insulation from the sun and temperature
  changes.

invasion of land by plants probably occurred
about 450 million years ago
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Present
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Past
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• Divisions of Plants

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Spore Producing Nonvascular Plants
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Small
Water transported by osmosis
Bryophytes
Simplest plants
Must remain near water
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spores
Spores are specialized structures that can grow
directly into a new plant
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Mosses

• Uses
• decomposer
• Serve as pioneer plants on bare rock or ground
• Help prevent erosion
• shelter for insects small animals
• nesting materials by birds mammals
• Sphagnum or peat moss forms peat bogs (wet
  ecosystem)
• Peat is burned as fuel in some areas

• Small
• Must live in moist place

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Liverworts
Majority of liverworts grow in moist, shady
locations
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Spore Producing vascular Plants
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Vascular Tissue
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XYLEM Vascular tissue that transports water and
minerals upward through the plant body.
Two types of vascular Tissue
PHLOEM Vascular tissue that transports sugars
from photosynthesis through the plant body.
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These plants are sometimes called scouring rushes
because the epidermal (outer) cells contain
silica in their cell walls. They were used by
Native Americans early pioneers for scrubbing
and polishing.
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Horsetails
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Ferns
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• Largest group of living seedless vascular plants
• Live in moist habitats
• Alternates between dominant Sporophyte stage
  Gametophyte stage
• Need water for sexual reproduction
• Produce spores on the underside of their fronds

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Spores produced on underside of frond
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Seed Producing Vascular Plants
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Reproduction AWAY From water

• Sperm incased in Pollen Grain
• Embryos in Seeds

Gymnosperms
Cone-Bearing Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers,
Gnetophytes
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
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Seeds
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the sprouting of a seed is called germination.

• Plant embryo
• Stored food supply
• Seed coat

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Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by
becoming dormant. When conditions become
favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant.
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Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals.
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Plant Body Structure
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Roots anchor, store nutrients, absorb minerals
and water.
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Bean roots
White Potato NOT A ROOT-An underground stem!
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STEMS
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• Provide structural support
• produce leaves, branches, and flowers.
• Transport water and minerals between the roots
  and leaves.

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leaves
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site of photosynthesis, which produces food for
the entire plant.
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Waxy covering to prevent water loss
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Outer layer of cells
Vascular tissue
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Gymnosperms
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• naked seed
• Seeds produced in cones

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do not need water for reproduction
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Pollen Grains
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Pollination When the pollen is transferred from
the male part of the plant to the female part of
the plant.
transferred by wind, water, or animals
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Scientist can learn information about past
weather and climate from tree rings.
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Cartoon Break
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grasses, wildflowers, shrubs,and trees.
Angiosperms
Produce their reproductive structure in flowers
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Seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit are adaptations
that allow angiosperms to survive in a wide
variety of environments.
do not need water for reproduction
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• Two groups of Angiosperms
• Monocotyledon
• -one seed leaf
• Dicotyledon
• -two seed leaves

Seed Leaf
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Flowers are unique reproductive organs that
produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.
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POLLINATION
Female
Male
Pollinationtransfer of pollen
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Fruit is a ripened ovary with its seeds
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Carnivorous Plants
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• Seed plants have important uses for
• Food and Medicine
• Angiosperms produce flowers, fruits, seeds, and
  pollen that provide food essential to many
  organisms, including humans--cereal grains,
  legumes, root crops.
• Trees provide food and shelter for many animals,
  as well as providing fuel, lumber, and paper
  products.
• Fibers like cotton.

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