The Mongols

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The Mongols
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The Eastern Hemisphere Before the Mongol Invasions
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Chinggis Khan

• What was to become the Mongol Empire resulted
  from the rise of Chinggis Khan and the
  unification of the Mongol and Turkic people.
• Nomadic people trading with goods from their
  animals clan organization women trained as
  riders, etc. HORSES!!!!!!
• No written language hundreds of thousands of
  Mongols throughout the steppes of Asia.

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• 12th century Mongol leader KABUL KHAN led a
  united Mongol army and defeated an army of the
  Qin but after his death the fragile Mongol
  alliance fell apart. His great-grandson was
  Chinggis Khan!!
• Chinggis Khan was born Temujin and later given
  the title KHAN or ruler. KHANATES kingdoms of
  the Mongols
• Born about 1162 C.E., Temujin rose from a
  position of isolation and abuse to one of
  leadership among the Mongol tribes. In 1206, at
  a meeting of the Mongol chieftains KURILTAI
  he was elected KHAGAN or supreme ruler.
• He ruled 500,000 Mongols and was overlord of over
  1 million nomads of other ethnic groups.

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• The Mongol warriors were expert archers and
  horsemen manning a cavalry that moved with
  tremendous speed. Chinggis Khan established a
  special force of cavalry messengers to connect
  him with his empire.
• After consolidation power among the Mongol tribes
  Temujin now known as Chinggis Khan turned
  his attention toward conquering his southern
  neighbors the Tanguts Western Xia (Xi Xia)
  Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty of the Manchurian
  Chinese.

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• Chinggis Khan believed that the Xi Xia would not
  be able to count on the protection of the larger
  Jin Dynasty for support if attacked.
• The Mongols attacked Xi Xia and the Jin Dynasty
  did fail to support them the Xi Xia fell to the
  Mongols in 1209.
• The Mongols then turned on the Jin Dynasty and
  forced the emperor to abandon his capital of
  Yanjing (now Beijing).
• 1215 the Mongols controlled the northern half
  of the lands of the Jin Dynasty

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Mongol Movement West

• Kuchlug had been Khan of the Naiman until
  defeated by Chinggis Khan and brought into the
  Mongol nation.
• Kuchlug left the Mongols and moved west where he
  defeated the khan of Kara Khitai and established
  himself as khan.
• Chinggis Khan decided to move against his one
  time vassal and the Kara Khitai.
• As the Mongols were tired form years of fighting
  in China, Chinggis Khan sent only a small force
  led by his general Jebe, known as The Arrow
• 1218 the Mongols had defeated the Kara Khitai
  Khanate and set their eyes farther west at the
  lucrative lands of the Khwarezmia.

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Kara Khitai Khanate Chinggis Khan moved against
a Mongol Empire the Kara Khitai
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Mongol attack on the Khwarezmian Empire

• In 1218, Chinggis Khan sent ambassadors and a 500
  man caravan to establish relations with the shah
  of the Muslim empire of Khwarezmia. Turkic
  Muslims.
• Rather than treat the Mongols as equals, the
  caravan was slaughtered at the city of Otrar.
• Chinggis Khan sent special ambassadors to the
  MUHAMMAD SHAH II in order to explain the
  situation the shah had all but one of the
  ambassadors beheaded.
• 200,000 Mongols marched on the Khwarezmian Empire

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• The city of Otrar was taken and the governor who
  had attacked the initial caravan was executed by
  having molten silver poured into his eyes and
  ears.
• Mongol numbers, brutality and internal
  Khwarezmian problems all led to the Mongol
  conquest of the empire in 1220.
• The Mongols defeated the last Abbasid caliph
  800,000 killed in Baghdad. Muslim historians
  viewed the Mongols as one of the great
  catastrophes in the history of Islam.
• Stopped moving farther west by BAIBARS the
  commander of the Egyptian forces Baibars got
  cooperation from the Christians in Jerusalem to
  attack the Mongols.

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Mongol Imperium capital at KAARAKORUM

• After defeating the Khwarezmia, Chinggis Khan
  divided his forces into two large armies
• Chinggis Khan moved his forces into Afghanistan
  and northern India eventually returning to
  Mongolia
• The other Mongol forces moved into Armenia,
  Azerbaijan, Georgia and defeated the Kievian
  Russians.
• The Mongols had established an empire from Europe
  to the Pacific from the Indian Ocean to
  Siberia. Conquered territories paid taxes and
  tribute to the Mongols.

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• 1226 Chinggis Khan began to move once again
  against the Xi Xia and the Jin who during the
  Mongol move west had allied in an attempt to
  overthrow Mongol control as overlords.
• The Xi Xia and the northern Jin again came into
  line as Mongol vassals.
• 1227 Chinggis Khan died and the Mongol empire
  was eventually divided among his sons and
  grandsons.
• The Mongol Empire was united under YASSA a
  series of Mongol laws that directed personal,
  religious, and political behavior.

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Mongol Empire at Chinggis Khans death 1227
this does not include Mongol tributaries
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Ogedei Khan

• EMPIRE OF THE GREAT KHAN
• The third son of Chinggis Khan, Ogedei continued
  the expansion of the Mongol Empire as he
  inherited the largest part of his fathers
  empire. He was recognized by his brothers and
  nephews as the Great Khan even as they may have
  rule over parts of the empire.
• He began the wars against the Jin and Song
  Dynasties in China wars that eventually brought
  all of China under the control of the Mongols.
• While he was the Great Khan, attacks as far west
  as Poland and Hungary were made as well as
  power consolidation in Persia.
• When news of his 1241 death reached Mongol
  warriors nearing Vienna they stopped the
  advancement and returned to Mongolia

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The Golden Horde

• After the death of Chinggis Khan, his lands in
  south eastern Russia and Kazakhstan were given to
  the sons of his eldest son, who had recently
  died.
• Batu was given the lands known as the Blue
  Horde
• Orda was given the lands known as the White
  Horde
• The lands of the Russian steppe were collectively
  called the Golden Horde in 1378 when the Blue and
  White Hordes were ruled by the same khan

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The Golden Horde Principality of Moscow in
light yellow
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• 1235 Batu moved his forces west attacking the
  Volga Bulgarians, the Ukrainian steppes, the
  Russians, and defeated the Poles and Hungarians
  at the Battles of Legnica and Muhi before
  returning to Mongolia after the 1241 death of the
  Great khan Ogedei in order to settle succession
  claims
• The lands known as the Golden Horde were
  ethnically a mixture of Turkish and Mongol
  peoples over time the Mongols became the
  warrior upper class while Bulgars, Tatars, etc
  became the majority of the population. The
  culture became more Turkish than Mongol over
  time. Europeans and Russians often referred to
  the populace of the Horde as Tatars.

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• The khan of the Golden Horde was selected from
  descendants of Batu by a ruling council.
• Golden Horde ministers were known as viziers.
• The Golden Horde made tributary states of
  Russia, Armenia, Georgia, the Crimean Greeks, and
  the Crimean Goths.
• There is a strong possibility that the Horde and
  Russians allied themselves against the expansion
  of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.

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The death of the Golden Horde

• The power of the Golden Horde was diminished by
  internal divisions, attacks from Lithuania, the
  warrior Tamerlane/Timur (see Ottoman Empire
  PowerPoint), the devastation of the Black death,
  and the growth of the tributary states.
• By the 1440s, the Golden Horde was divided into
  separate khanates
• Qasin Khanate, Khanate of Kaza, khanate of
  Astrakhan, Kazakh Khanate, Uzbek Khanate, and the
  Khanate of Crimea

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• The khans had evaluated the rulers of Moscow to
  the level of princes in order to divide the
  Russians (between Kiev and Moscow) for easier
  subjugation.
• By 1480, the Muscovite Russians were stronger
  than any of the divided khanates and established
  independence from the Horde.
• The Russians began a centuries long process of
  conquering the khanates and absorbing them into
  the Russian Empire.
• The Crimean Khanate was the last influential
  remnant of the Horde, as it became a vassal of
  the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and received
  protection from the empire.
• 1783 Catherine the Greats forces defeated and
  annexed the Crimean Khanate.

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Kubilai Khan

• 1215-1294
• Grandson of Chinggis Khan succession battle
  between him and a brother led to the end of a
  united Mongol Empire
• Kubilai established control of the Chinese lands
  of the Mongol Empire and established the YUAN
  DYNASTY.
• His capital was at TATU (Beijing). He adopted
  some Confucian and Doaist ideals but refused to
  use the civil service system. He used a new
  social system with Mongols supreme, Asian nomads
  and Muslims loyal to the Mongols second, north
  Chinese third, and finally ethnic Chinese.
  Ethnic Chinese were allowed to run local affairs
  but the high places of imperial bureaucracy
  were off limits.

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Chabi

• The power of Mongol women may be seen in the life
  of CHABI wife of Kubilai Khan.
• She was one of his most influential advisors
  promoting Buddhism, tried to reconcile the ethnic
  Chinese to the Mongols, she stopped a plan to
  turn the ancient gardens of the capital into
  pasture land for the Mongol horses.

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Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368

• Kubilai Khan claimed rights over Mongol
  territories far west and used the title khan
  but his descendants did not press such claims and
  used the title Emperor of China
• Perhaps initially fearful of loosing China, in
  the early days of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols
  plundered widely but recognized the money found
  through trade and encouraged the use of the Silk
  Road and the transfer of Chinese technology west.
• It was during his reign that the Italian Marco
  Polo visited China.

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• The ethnic Chinese never accepted Mongol rule
  most of the scholar/gentry viewed the Mongols as
  barbarians who would destroy Chinese
  civilization.
• Kubilai Khan also upset centuries of social
  structure by advancing the artisan and merchant
  classes as he was promoting trade.
  Traditionally, the merchant class was viewed as
  parasitic.
• The Mongols also developed a powerful navy
  pirates.
• A plan was developed to educate the peasantry.

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• Attempts by the Mongol Yuan to integrate with the
  Han Chinese proved to be ineffective as they were
  also trying to maintain a unique Mongol identity.
• Weak Yuan emperors and a belief by other Mongols
  that the Yuan had become Chinese (something the
  Han Chinese disputed) led to the downfall of the
  dynasty. The dynasty was eventually forced from
  its capital (Beijing) by the Ming Dynasty.
• Problems for the Yuan included
• WHITE LOTUS SOCIETY 1300s a secret religious
  sect designed to overthrow the Mongols
• Song loyalists
• Failure to invade Japan
• Dissolute lifestyle
• Graft and corruption
• High peasant taxes
• Remnants of the Yuan moved north and established
  a weak Northern Yuan kingdom eventually
  controlled by the Manchu.

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• Impact of the Mongol Yuan on China
• Development of drama, novels and the written
  vernacular
• Re-establishment of Confucian government policies
  as a way to unite China
• Religious toleration
• Advances in science and the continued development
  of the Grand Canal
• Transfer of information and trade with the west

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Mongols/Moghul (in Persian)/Mughal in India

• Babur 1483-1531 a descendant of the warrior
  Tamerlane/Timur paternally and Chinggis Khan
  maternally.
• Babur represented cultural diffusion at its best
  his tribe was Mongol, he embraced Turkic and
  Persian culture and was a Muslim.
• Baburs conquest of India established the Mughal
  dynasty.

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Mughal India

• From Babur to the last Mughal emperor who was
  exiled after the 1857 Indian Mutiny against the
  British (although the emperors rule was reduced
  to merely the area around the city of Delhi)
  the Mughals brought Islamic and Persian
  influences to India.

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• During the rule of Akbar, he attempted to unite
  India through a religion that blended Islam,
  Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Christianity known
  as Din-i-llahi or Faith of God. This was
  rejected by Islamic clerics.
• The Shah/Emperor Jahan is best known for building
  the Taj Mahal the supreme symbol of Mughal
  architecture which blended Persian/Islamic
  influences with traditional Indian.

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TIMUR

• The last great outburst of nomadic upheaval in
  Asia was from a Turkic leader Timur-i Lang.
• Timur the Lame cultured and cruel.
• 1360s from his capital at Samarkand he moved
  his armies against Persia, Fertile Crescent,
  India, and Southern Russia
• Pyramids of skulls
• His death saw the end of the last challenge by
  the steppe nomads.

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Timurid Dynasty