Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

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Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
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Ottoman Rise to Power

• Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to
  expand.
• Gunpowder empire success largely based on the
  mastery of the technology of firearms.
• Janissary were an elite military guard recruited
  from Christians, converted to Islam, and trained
  as foot soldiers or administrators to the sultan.

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Ottoman Suleiman

• Suleiman I, or Suleiman the Magnificent, came to
  rule in 1520. He expanded Ottoman rule into
  Europe and the western Med. Sea.
• He ruled for 46 years.
• He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith,
  took into account Christian inhabitants of the
  Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.

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Ottoman Sultans

• head of the empire- held absolute control
• hereditary eldest son always succeeded the
  father. (created turmoil)
• private domain called a harem, or sacred
  place. Here the sultan and his wives lived.
• When a son became sultan, his mother became queen
  mother and acted as an adviser to the throne.

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Ottoman

• chief advisor to the sultan grand vizier
• Led meetings
• Spoke for the Sultan
• Empire divided into districts and ruled by
  officials and highly trained bureaucrats
• Senior officials responsible for collecting taxes
  and supplying armies for the empire

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Ottoman Society

• The subjects were divided by occupation.
• ruling class, 4 main occupational groups
  peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral
  peoples.
• Sunni Muslims.
• Tolerant of non-Muslims
• Conversions
• Or taxes

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Ottoman Decline

• The training of officials declined
• local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose
• Wars depleted the imperial treasury.
• influence of Western Europe

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Safavid

• Modern day Persia, concentrated on building a
  powerful army
• Ismail called himself shah, or king, of the new
  Persian state by age 14
• Religious tyrant Shia
• Decimated the Sunni population

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Safavid at its Peak

• Shah Abbas Highest point of glory
• Reformed military and civilian life
• Equipped armies with modern artillery
• Punished corruption
• Hired only the most competent people
• Sought more religious toleration

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Safavid Cultural Connections

• New capital at Isfahan
• Showcase wealth
• Blue domes
• Beautiful arts
• Chinese artisans
• Metalwork, calligraphy, glasswork, and pottery
• Carpets
• Western demand
• Local craft to national industry
• Themes reflected the culture of the empire

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Safavid Decline

• Shah Abbas followed Ottoman mistakes
• Incompetent leadership aided in decline
• By 1747 the empire fell into regional turmoil

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Mughal Geography

• The Mogul Empire spread from the Hindu Kush
  mountains east to the Bay of Bengal from
  modern-day Afghanistan south to near the southern
  tip of India.

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Mughal Origins

• 8th-16th centuries religious and political
  turmoil
• Babur defeated the sultan of Delhi
• Akbar the Great
• Military conqueror
• Artillery
• Utilized rajput forces
• Liberal ruler
• Cultural blending
• Governed using the talented
• Graduated tax

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Mughal Culture

• Blending
• Welcomed diverse influence
• Persian, Hindi, and Urdu (blend)
• Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations
• Epic love stories
• Architecture
• Style named for Akbar
• Massive, graceful structures

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Mughal Shah Jahan

• Shah Jahan
• He expanded the boundaries of the Mogul Empire
• Taj Mahal a mausoleum for his favorite wife,
  Mumatz Mahal. This is the finest piece of Mogul
  architecture. It combines Persian, Ottoman,
  Indian, and Islamic styles.
• .

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Mughal Aurangzeb

• He was a devout Muslim and a man of high
  principle.
• He tried to eliminate social evils in India
  suttee (a Hindu practice of cremating a widow on
  her husbands funeral pyre), levying illegal
  taxes, gambling, and drinking.
• Made Hindu to convert to Islam led to social
  unrest that made India open to attack from abroad.

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Mughal

• The British helped the decline of the Mogul
  Empire in India.
• British East India Co. Controlled trade and
  taxed lands surrounding the city of Calcutta.
• The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against
  the British.
• The British moved inland. Trade brought money to
  the British. The British were in India to stay.

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