NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

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NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION

• Nonexperimental research design is one of the
  broad categories of research designs, in which
  the researcher observes the phenomena as they
  occur naturally, no external variables are
  introduced.
• It is a research design in which variables are
  not deliberately manipulated, nor is the setting
  controlled.
• In nonexperimental research, researchers collect
  data without making changes or introducing
  treatments.

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NEED OF NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• Nonexperimental designs can be used to conduct a
  study are as follows
• The studies in which the independent variables
  cannot be maintained.
• The studies in which it is unethical to
  manipulate the independent variable, i.e.
  manipulation may cause physical or psychological
  harm to subjects.
• The studies or research situations where it is
  not practically possible to conduct experiments.
• Descriptive-type studies that do not require any
  experimental approaches.

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TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• Descriptive Design
• Univariant descriptive design
• Exploratory descriptive design
• Comparative descriptive design

• Correlational design
• Prospective design
• Retrospective design

• Developmental Research Design
• Cross-sectional design
• Longitudinal design

• Epidemiological Design
• Case-control studies
• Cohort studies

Survey Research Design
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION

• The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe,
  describe, document aspects of a situation as it
  naturally occurs, sometimes to serve as a
  starting point for hypothesis generation or
  theory development.

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MAIN FEATURES

• Descriptive designs are used to observe,
  document, describe a phenomenon occurring in
  its natural setting without any manipulation or
  control.
• The descriptive studies are designed to gain more
  information about characteristics within a
  particular field in the real world.
• Descriptive studies provide an impression of a
  situation as it occurs in natural settings.
• Descriptive studies do not involve the
  manipulation of variables, variables are
  studies as they exist in the real world.

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• Descriptive design may be used to develop
  theories, identify problems with current
  practices, justify current practices, make
  judgments, or determine other practices in
  similar situations.
• In descriptive studies, bias is prevented through
  operational definitions of variables, large
  sample size, random sampling techniques, valid
  reliable research tools, formal data collection
  methods.
• Descriptive designs include identification of
  phenomenon of interest, identifying the variables
  within the phenomenon, developing operational
  definitions of the variables, describing the
  variables.

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TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

1. Univariant descriptive design
2. Exploratory design
3. Comparative design

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Univariant descriptive design

• Univariant descriptive designs are undertaken to
  describe the frequency of occurrence of a
  phenomenon.
• This design does not necessarily focus on the
  study of a single variable there may be one or
  more variables involved in the study.
• For example, a researcher is interested in
  assessing the experiences of patients suffering
  from rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, the
  researcher may describe the frequency of
  different symptoms experienced by the patients
  the type of treatment they received during the
  course of disease, etc. There are multiple
  variables in this research study.

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Exploratory design

• Exploratory design is used to identify, explore,
  describe the existing phenomenon its related
  factors.
• In other words, it is not only a simple
  description or the frequency of occurrence of a
  phenomenon, but its in-depth exploration a
  study of its related factors to improve further
  understanding about a less-understood phenomenon.
• For example, an exploratory study to assess the
  multifactorial dimensions of falls home safety
  measures for elderly people living in selected
  communities in the city Mehsana.

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Comparative design

• Comparative design involves comparing
  contrasting two or more samples of study subjects
  on one or more variables, often at a single point
  of time.
• This design is used to compare two distinct
  groups on the basis of selected attributed such
  as knowledge level, perceptions, attitudes
  physical or psychological symptoms so on.
• For example, A comparative study on health
  problems among rural urban older people in
  district Mehsana, Gujarat.

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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION

• This is a nonexperimental design, where
  researcher examines the relationship between two
  or more variables in a natural setting without
  manipulation or control.
• In other words, it is a research design where
  researchers study the relationship of two or more
  variables without any intervention.
• For example, this design was used for A
  correlational study on the effect of smoking on
  lung cancer among people in Mehsana.

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MAIN FEATURES

• In correlational studies, the researchers examine
  the strength of relationships between variables
  by determining how change in one variable is
  correlated with change in the other variable.
• Generally, correlational studies have independent
  dependent variables, but the effect of
  independent variable is observed on dependant
  variable without manipulating the independent
  variable.

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• In some correlational studies, identification of
  the independent dependent variables is
  difficult however, in most correlational
  studies, the independent variable is identified,
  which, without any intervention, influences the
  dependent variable. For example, this design was
  used in a correlational investigation of the
  study habits visual acuity among school
  children studying in selected schools in the
  city of Mehsana. In this study, study habits are
  the independent variable, while visual acuity is
  the dependent variable.
• In epidemiological language these studies are
  known as cause effect study, where cause
  effect relationship is investigate in natural
  settings without imposing experimental
  interventions. This cause effect relationship
  can be investigated either in forward manner,
  i.e. from cause to effect (prospective) or
  backward manner, i.e. effect to cause
  (retrospective)

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TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Prospective research design
2. Retrospective research design

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Prospective research design

• A design in which the researcher relates the
  present to the future is a prospective research
  design .
• Prospective studies start with a presumed cause
  then go to presumed effects.
• In this research design , researcher observes
  phenomenon from cause to effect.
• Prospective designs are often longitudinal, but
  may also be cross sectional.

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• for example, a researcher conducting a
  prospective correlational study on effect of
  maternal infection during pregnancy on foetal
  development pregnancy outcome .
• In this study, the researcher starts by
  collecting data from pregnant women regarding any
  history of infection among women during their
  current pregnancies, next observes foetal
  development pregnancy outcome, finally
  analyses the relationship of maternal infection
  during pregnancy foetal development pregnancy
  outcome.

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Retrospective research design

• A design in which the researcher studies the
  current phenomenon by seeking information from
  past is a retrospective research design.
• In this the researcher links the present
  phenomenon with the past events.
• In other words, the researcher has a backward
  approach to study a phenomenon, where he or she
  moves from effect to identify the cause.

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• For example, this design was used in a
  retrospective correlational study on
  substance-abuse-related high-risk factors among
  traumatic head injury patients admitted in
  neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali Medical College
  Hospital, Udaipur.
• In this study, the researcher first approached
  head injury patients, then tried to identify
  the number of head injuries that occurred under
  the influence of substance abuse.

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DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION

• Developmental research design examines the
  phenomenon with reference to time.
• Developmental research designs are generally used
  as adjunct research designs with other research
  designs such as cross-sectional-descriptive,
  longitudinal-correlational research designs.

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TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Cross-sectional design
2. Longitudinal design

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Cross-sectional design

• Cross-sectional research design is one in which
  researcher collects data at particular point of
  time (one period of data collection).
• These studies are easier more convenient to
  carry out.
• For example, a researcher is interested in
  assessing the awareness on swine flu among people
  of an area.
• Here the researcher interacts only once to
  collect awareness-related data from respondents.

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Longitudinal design

• Longitudinal research design is used to collect
  data over an extended time period (long-time
  study).
• Its value is in its ability to demonstrate change
  over a period of time.
• For example, a researcher in interested in the
  perception of nursing students towards nursing
  profession from the beginning of nursing
  programme to its end.
• In this example, it is appropriate to use the
  longitudinal research design to study this
  phenomenon.
• Longitudinal studies are generally classified
  into three types
• Trend studies
• Panel studies
• Follow-up studies

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• Trend studies
• These help to investigate a sample from a general
  population over a time with respect to some
  phenomenon.
• Trend studies permit researchers to examine
  pattern rate of changes to make prediction
  about future direction based on previously
  identified patterns rates of changes.

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• Panel studies
• A panel in research is referred to the sample of
  people involved in a study.
• In panel studies, same people are involved over
  a period of time they become more informative on
  the phenomenon than the subjects in trends
  studies because the researcher can not only
  examine the patterns of change, but also the
  reasons for change.
• The same selected people are contacted for two or
  more times to collect further data.

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• Follow-up studies
• These are undertaken to determine the subsequent
  states of subject(s) with a specific condition or
  those who have received a specific intervention.

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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
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CONCEPT

• Epidemiology is the study to investigate the
  distribution causes of the diseases in
  population.
• Therefore, epidemiological studies are generally
  conducted to investigate causes of different
  diseases in either prospective approaches (causes
  to effect) or retrospective designs.
• Prospective studies are known as cohort studies
  retrospective studies are called case-control
  studies.

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• Cohort studies
• In this design, a longitudinal approach is used
  to investigate the occurrence of a disease in
  existing presumed causes.
• For example, a researcher longitudinally observes
  the smokers for development of lung cancer.
• Case-control studies
• In this design, causes of a disease are
  investigated after the occurrence of a disease.
• For example, a researcher investigates the
  history of smoking in patients diagnosed with
  lung cancer.

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ADVANTAGE OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• Nonexperimental research designs tend to be
  closest to real-life situation.
• Nonexperimental research designs are most
  suitable for the nursing research studies..
• Numerous human characteristics are inherently not
  subject to experimental manipulation (e.g. blood
  type, personality, health beliefs, medical
  diagnosis, etc.)
• There are many variable that could technically be
  manipulated, but manipulated is forbidden on
  ethical grounds.

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DISADVANTAGES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• The major disadvantage of nonexperimental
  researches is that the results obtained the
  relationship between the dependent independent
  variable can never be absolutely clear
  error-free.
• Nonexperimental studies are conducted for
  comparative purposes using nonrandomly selected
  groups, which may not be homogeneous tend to be
  dissimilar in different traits or
  characteristics, which may affect the
  authenticity generalizability of the study
  results.

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