????(Endocrine System)

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????(Endocrine System)

• ??????? ???

2
????(????)
???(???)
????(????)
????(????)
????(????)
???(???)
Thymus ???, ??(??)
??(??)
??(??)
??(??)
??(??)
??(??)
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Pituitary gland (???? ????)Hypo-physis,
hypo-physeal gland
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Pituitary gland (???? ????)Hypo-physis,
hypo-physeal gland

• Pituitary gland , anterior lobe ??????
• Pituitary gland, posterior lobe ??????

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Ant. Pituitary gland (???? ??)

• Growth hormone (GH) ?????
• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ????????
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ?????????,
  Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH), ??????? ??
  ???
• Gonadotropic hormone (GnRH) ????????
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), ???????
• Luteinizing hormone (LH), ???????
• Prolactin (PRL) ????, ??????

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Hypothalamus-Pituitary-(Thyroid or Adrenal )Axis
????-????-(??? ?? ??) ?
CRH, GnRH
GH, ACTH, TSH,
LH, FSH
E2
T3, T4, FT4
Cortisol
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Post. Pituitary gland (???? ??)

• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), ??????
• Vasopressin (?????)
• Polydipsia ???
• Diabetes insipidus (DI) ???(???)
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) ??????
  ????????
• Oxytocin ????, ???????

8
Pituitary gland disease, ???? ??

• Acromegaly (?????) Growth hormone (GH), ?????
• Cushings disease (???) Adrenocorticotropic
  hormone (ACTH), ?????????, Cushings syndrome
  ?????, Iatrogenic Cushings syndrome ??? ?????
• Prolactinoma (????????) Prolactin (PRL), ????,
  ??????
• Galactorrhea ?????, ????, ???
• Gynecomastia ?????

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Acromegaly (?????) Growth hormone (GH), ?????
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Cushings disease (???) Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH), ?????????
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Prolactinoma (????????) Prolactin (PRL), ????,
??????
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Pituitary gland disease, ???? ??

• Panhypopituitarism (??????????)
• Sheehans syndrome (?????)
• Postpartum pituitary necrosis
• Empty Sella syndrome (???????)
• Hypophysectomy ???????(???????)

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Thyroid gland (???), parathyroid gland (????) ??
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Thyroid gland (???) ??

• Goiter ????
• Exophthalmos ?????
• Graves disease Hyperthyroidism
  ????????, ??????
• Thyrotoxicosis, ??????
• Hypothyroidism ????????, ??????
• Myxedema, ????
• Hashimotos disease (thyroiditis) ?????,
  Subacute thyroiditis ???????
• Thyroid carcinoma ?????
• Papillary(??), follicular(??),
• medullary(??)

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Thyroid gland (???) ??

• Thyroid function test (TFT) ???????
• Thyroid scan ?????
• Thyroid sonography ????????
• Fine neelde aspiration (FNA) ?????
• FNA cytology (FNAC) ?????????
• Free T4 (FT4) ?? T4 (Thyroxine, ???)
• Thyroidectomy ??????

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Parathyroid gland ????(?)

• Hyperparathyroidism, primary ?????????(1??)
• Hypercalcemia , ?????
• Hypoparathyroidism ?????????
• Hypocalcemia, ?????
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ???????
• Parathyroidectomy ???????

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Adrenal gland (??) ? ??
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Adrenal gland (??) ??

• Cushings syndrome, ?????
• Cortisol, ????
• Primary aldosteronism, ??????, ???
• Aldosterone(?????)
• Pheochromocytoma, ?????, ???????
• Epinephrine(?????),
• norepinephrine(???????)
• VMA, metanephrine, normetanephrine
• Addisons disease (adrenal insufficiency)????(???
  ???)
• Adrenalectomy, ?????

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Adrenal gland (??) ??
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Pancrea (??,??)

• Diatetes mellitus (DM) ???
• Type 1 diabetes, ? 1? ???
• Type 2 diabetes, ? 2? ???
• Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) ??????- ????
  110-125 mg/dL
• Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) ?????- ?? 2??
  141-199 mg/dL
• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), ?????
• Glucose tolerance test (GTT), ?????(??)??
• Insulin ???
• C-peptide C-???
• Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
• Postprandial (PP), ???, pp2h ??2?? ??

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Pancrea (??,??)

• CSII (continuous subcutaneous insulin injection)
  ??? ?? ??? ??
• MSII (multiple SII) ?? ?? ??? ??
• Insulin pump ??? ??
• Insulinoma ????
• Pancreatectomy ?????

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Bone, Osteo- ?, ?

• Osteoporosis ???(??)?
• Osteopenia ????
• Bone Mineral Density (BMD), ???
• Postmenopausal syndrome, ??? ???
• Premenopausal women, ??? ??