DOCUMENTATION AND CITATIONS

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DOCUMENTATION AND CITATIONS

• Clear it up for me, please!
• AP Language

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Why do we use citations?

• Give credit to author
• Avoid PLAGARISM!
• Show validity of sources

Types of documentation

• MLA (Modern Language Assn.)
• APA (American Psychological Assn.)
• In-line
• Endnotes/footnotes

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How can I use citations well?

• As evidence for some point you are making
• There are some advantages to brain damage, as
  Kwiatkowski observes, you just dont care any
  more (3)
• To argue with an author from your position
• In contrast to what Mary Smith writes about the
  negative effect of mothers who work full-time,
  recent experiences have demonstrated no ill
  effects on children can be documented (56).
• Lets sources argue with each other
• Jane Johnson claims that men are animals(90), but
  several other researchers have found that men are
  angels (Lovelace 908 Principal 45 Shipley 56).
• Shows acceptance of some parts and rejection of
  others
• It is true, as Stenzel says, the early bird
  catches the worm (xi). However, she is dead
  wrong to assume that everyone would want this to
  happen.

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MLA In-line Citations

• Also called in-text or parenthetical references
• Direct where you are quoting word-for-word lines
  from another source
• Indirect where you are paraphrasing ideas from
  another source
• This is where you must be careful to avoid
  plagiarism.

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Direct Citations

• Authors name in sentence
• Flora Davis reports that a chimp at the Yerkes
  Primate Research Center has combined words into
  new sentences that she was never taught (67).
• Authors name in citation
• The chimp at the Yerkes Primate Research Center
  has combined words into new sentences that she
  was never taught (Davis 67).
• More than one author
• The chimp at the Yerkes Primate Research Center
  has combined words into new sentences that she
  was never taught (Davis, Eloquent 67).
• From the internet
• The chimp at the Yerkes Primate Research Center
  has combined words into new sentences that she
  was never taught (Yerkes).

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Indirect Citations

• Paraphrasing ideas with authors name
• In Eloquent Animals, Flora Davis stated that
  chimp at her center is able to create original
  sentences from individual words it has been
  taught (67).
• Paraphrasing ideas without authors name
• The chimp is able to create original sentences
  from individual words it has been taught (Davis
  67).

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How do I effectively integrate my quotes?

• Adverbial clauses (beginning with suddenly,
  although, soon, too, etc.)
• As William Smith observed last year in The New
  York Times, the play was a rousing success (9).
• Prepositional phrase
• In his introduction to the novel, Smith labels it
  as a trite attempt to justify one mans
  observations on the subject of romance (18).
• Subordinate clause (beginning with after, as,
  before, because, since, while)
• Even though his perspective is unpopular, Hunt
  continued to proclaim infallibility of the device
  (290).
• Author Info
• Yuri Sordov, author of Impact, summarized the
  situation this way, eighty-eight percent of the
  sales force threatened an immediate walkout
  (98).

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What else should I know?

• Only 1/3 of an essay should be quoted material
  (direct or indirect) the rest should be original
  ideas
• Avoid using isolated quotes
• Avoid stringing quotes
• Over four lines block citation
• Omitting part? Use
• Adding or altering? Use

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Works Cited

• Book
• Tompkins, Jane. West of Everything. New York,
  Oxford Press, 1992.
• Monthly Magazine (Volume is different)
• Lukacs, John. The End of the Twentieth
  Century. Harpers Jan. 1993 39-58.
• Newspaper
• Sun, Lena. Chinese Feel the Strain of a New
  Society. Washington Post 13 June 1993 A1.
• Internet
• "Caret." Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 28
  April 2006. 10 May 2006 lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/w
  iki/Caretgt.

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Works Cited Entry Types

• Each type of entry is different
• Books
• Books with editors
• Magazine/journal articles
• Internet resources
• Multivolume works/works in anthologies
• Newspapers
• Use a writers reference to determine the
  structure for your resource

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Works Cited Tips

• Alphabetical by first word of entry
• Hanging indent entries that go beyond one line
• Double space entire document

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AP Test Documentation

• When referencing sources in synthesis essay, you
  should use the source letter.
• According to Angus Campbell, television has an
  increased capacity to inform and stimulate the
  political interests of the American electorate
  (Source A).
• Use quotes when they have greatest impact. Avoid
  being quote-happy!