Documentation

1
Documentation

• Giving credit to a source for words and ideas
  borrowed from a source
• Quotations
• Paraphrases
• Basic rule Everything you use that is from a
  source has to be documented.

2
Exception Common Knowledge

• Basic information available in numerous sources
  (common rule of thumb 5 or more)
• Generally speaking, you can regard something as
  common knowledge if you find the same information
  undocumented in at least five credible sources
  (Stolley, Brizee, and Paiz, Purdue Online Writing
  Lab).
• Information commonly known by the general
  population or within a particular field of study
• NOT opinions, analysis, interpretations, original
  research, or exact wording, etc.

3
Common Knowledge Documentation

• Paraphrased common knowledge No documentation
  necessary.
• Quoted common knowledge Documentation required
  (exact words themselves are typically not common
  knowledge).
• When in doubt, document to avoid possible
  plagiarism or ask your instructor.

4
Documentation Format (MLA)

• Two Components for Documentation
• In-text Citation (Parenthetical Citation)
• Works Cited page

5
In-text Citation

• Information in the text of your essay that links
  each borrowed quote or paraphrase to a source
  listed on the Works Cited page
• Tells your reader that the information or words
  are not yours.
• Tells your readers whose information or words
  they actually are.

6
The Basics

• Introduce the quotation or paraphrase.
• Include the authors last name in the
  introduction to the quotation or paraphrase or in
  parentheses at the end.
• Include the page number in the parentheses (if a
  page number is available).
• See the PowerPoints for quoting and paraphrasing
  for examples of basic in-text citation.
• Now for some special cases. . . .

7
Multiple Authors

• Two authors Cite both.
• One article notes that wayfinding is often
  overlooked in designing educational institutions
  (Gunderson and Schmidt 231).
• Gunderson and Schmidt note that wayfinding is
  often overlooked in designing educational
  institutions (231).

8

• Three authors Cite all three.
• Another source states that this oversight has
  become the focus of numerous multidisciplinary
  studies (Terazzo, Lewis, and Iwakura 42).
• Terazzo, Lewis, and Iwakura state that this
  oversight has become the focus of numerous
  multidisciplinary studies (42).

9

• More than three authors Cite the first and et
  al.
• Evidence from one of these studies suggests
  awareness of wayfinding needs is growing, but
  actual change is lagging far behind (Bartulis et
  al. 160).
• Evidence from Bartulis et al. suggests awareness
  of wayfinding needs is growing, but actual change
  is lagging far behind (160).

10
No Author and/or No Page

• Typically, use an organization or company name in
  place of an author.
• Beware of truly anonymous sources.
• If there is no page number, simply omit it.

11
Examples Quotation

• The Society for Experiential Graphic Design
  states that Wayfinding may not always be
  considered sexy, but it has evolved into a highly
  integrated, user-focused, and increasingly
  technology-driven discipline with huge social and
  economic implications for cities, hospitals, and
  other public spaces.
• According to one professional organization,
  Wayfinding may not always be considered sexy,
  but it has evolved into a highly integrated,
  user-focused, and increasingly technology-driven
  discipline with huge social and economic
  implications for cities, hospitals, and other
  public spaces (Society for Experiential Graphic
  Design).

12
Examples Paraphrase

• As the Society for Experiential Graphic Design
  points out, if wayfinding is doing its job, no
  one even notices it.
• According to one professional organization, if
  wayfinding is doing its job, no one even notices
  it (Society for Experiential Graphic Design).

13
Block Quotations

• More than 4 lines in your essay
• Full-sentence introduction, generally followed by
  a colon
• Indent one inch (or two tabs)
• Omit quotation marks.
• Include author and page number.
• Put the period before the parentheses.

14
Example

• The Society for Experiential Graphic Design
  powerfully points out the vital role and evolving
  nature of wayfinding
• Its the ultimate unsung hero of public spaces
  when it works, you never know its there.
  Wayfinding may not always be considered sexy, but
  it has evolved into a highly integrated,
  user-focused, and increasingly technology-driven
  discipline with huge social and economic
  implications for cities, hospitals, and other
  public spaces. (11)
• These concepts must drive IVCCs efforts to
  improve wayfinding for students and visitors to
  its main campus.

15
Indirect Quotations

• Using a quotation already cited in your source.
• Your source is written by Johnson.
• Johnson quotes Suarez.
• You quote Suarez in your essay.
• Give both authors credit.
• According to Suarez, The quotation you are
  borrowing would go here, between the quotation
  marks (qtd. in Johnson 57).