Animal Kingdom Notes

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Animal Kingdom Notes
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Porifera

• Common Name Sponges
• Symmetry Asymmetrical
• Habitat Mostly salt water, some fresh
  Reproduction Hermaphroditic,
• Asexual or sexual
• Sponges are sessile- they stay in one place for
  most of their lives

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• Sponges are made mostly of proteins called
  spongin and spicules. Spongin is soft, spicules
  are sharp, and hard.
• Sponges filter feed. Collar cells wave their
  flagella and cause water , food, and other
  nutrients to flow in.

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Cnidaria

• Common Name Jellyfish, Hydras, sea anemones,
  corals
• Symmetry Radial
• Habitat Mostly salt water, some fresh
• Reproduction Sexual Reproduction and asexual
• Cnidarians have stinging cells in their tentacles
  called cnidocytes. 2-way gut. GROSS

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• 2 body forms Medusa and polyp
• Cnidocytes

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Platyhelminthes

• Common Name Flatworms
• Symmetry Bilateral
• 3 main types Planarians, Flukes, Tapeworms
• 2-way gut. Gross.

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Planaria

• Free-living, dont depend on
• animals for food or habitat.
• Reproduce asexually. It can be cut in half and
  each half grows into a new worm.

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Flukes

• All are parasites with a life cycle that requires
  multiple hosts. Reproduce Sexually
• Female and male mate, female lays eggs inside a
  host. Eggs leave host in urine or feces, then end
  up in water. Snails in the water get infected.
  Eggs hatch from snail and the worms burrow into a
  new host, like a human foot.
• Can infect the blood, lungs, liver, eyes, and
  other organs of its host.

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Tapeworms

• Parasites. Has a head with hooks that attach to
  the animals insides. Doesnt have a mouth or
  digestive system. It just absorbs nutrients from
  its host.
• Grows by making new segments behind the head.
  Each segment carries sperm and eggs. Eggs
  fertilize and the segment breaks off, goes out of
  the intestines, and gets eaten by a new host.

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Nematoda

• Common Name Roundworms Symmetry
  Bilateral Habitat Soil, plants, water,
  animals
• Over half a million species exist. Some are
  parasites, but most are free-living. Reproduce
  Sexually. Have two body openings, a mouth and
  anus. 1-way gut!
• C. Elegans important for genetic research!

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• Cause heartworm in dogs, trichinosis in humans
• Damage crops around the worlds.
• Feed on termites, fleas, ants, beetles, other
  insects
• Help enrich the soil.

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Annelida (Segmented Worms)

• Common Name Earthworms, leeches, marine worms
• Symmetry Bilateral Habitat Soil, water
• 1-way gut, but also many more organ systems!
  Muscles, digestive system, excretory system,
  circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous
  system, reproductive system.
• Help enrich soil with their POOP. Leeches used in
  surgery to avoid blood clots. Marine worms are a
  base of the food chain.

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TODAY.
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Mollusca

• Common Name Mollusks (Latin for Soft)
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Habitat water, and moist land environments
• 3 types Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods
• Common traits- a tongue-like organ called a
  radula with rows of teeth for scraping food, a
  muscular organ for movement called a foot, an
  open circulatory system, gills, and a mantle
  (outer covering)

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Gastropod

• Stomach foot
• Snails, slugs, conchs, whelks, abalones.
• Usually have one large shell

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Bivalves

• Have 2 shells on a single hinged joint. Powerful
  muscles pull the shells closed.
• Scallops, clams, oysters

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Cephalopods

• Head Foot
• Intelligent, complex mollusks that have a Head,
  a foot divided into many tentacles, and a
  well-developed nervous system. Have a Closed
  circulatory system.
• Squid, Octopus, Cuttlefish

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Here come the Arthropods!
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Arthropoda

• Common Name Arthropods
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Habitat EVERYWHERE.
• Reproduction PROLIFIC. That means A lot.

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Arthropod means jointed foot

• Have jointed appendages, like legs, wings,
  antennae, claws, pincers.
• Have segmented bodies
• Have a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton

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Insects

• Have a clear head, thorax, and abdomen
• More insects exist than any other animal group
• Head has sensory organs, compound or simple eyes,
  and complex mouthparts.
• The thorax has 3 pairs of legs attached and
  sometimes wings
• Abdomen is where reproductive structures are
  found. Spiracles are openings that allows oxygen
  to reach different cells.

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• Insects go through metamorphosis. Complete
  metamorphosis is where the start out as eggs,
  then larva, then pupa, then the adult form.
• Incomplete metamorphosis is when they hatch from
  eggs into a nymph, a miniature adult version, and
  molt several times until completely adult sized.

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• Insects succeed because they have tough, flexible
  exoskeletons
• They have short lives and can evolve quickly
• They Reproduce A LOT
• Since theyre small, they can live in a wide
  variety of places, and avoid enemies
• Camouflage also helps!

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Arachnids

• Mites, Spiders, scorpions
• Have two body regions cephalothorax and abdomen.
  All have 4 pairs of legs, no antennae
• Scorpions have poisonous stingers and pincers
• Spiders release enzymes into their food and suck
  out the liquids.

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Centipedes and Millipedes

• Centipedes are poisonous and are carnivorous
• Millipedes are herbivorous
• Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment
• Millipedes have two pairs of legs per body
  segment

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Crustaceans

• Crabs, crayfish, lobster, barnacles, rolly-polly
  bugs, water fleas
• Have 1-2 pairs of antennae and mandibles used to
  crush food
• Most live in water, but some live on land
• Have 5 pairs of legs. The first pair is claws
• Have 5 pairs of swimmerets on the abdomen.

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Echinodermata (Spiny Skin)

• Common Name Sea Stars, brittle stars, sea
  urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
• Symmetry Radial
• Habitat Oceans
• Have no brain/head, just a ring of nerves
• Water vascular system helps them move by sucking
  water in and expelling it out.

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• Sea Stars can regenerate arms

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Chordata

• Common Name
• Symmetry
• Habitat
• Reproduction

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