Organic Chemistry

1
Organic Chemistry

• Recognizing the 4 main classes of organic
  molecules.

2
Organic Compounds

• An organic compound is any compound that contains
  atoms of the element carbon.
• Carbon has 2 electrons in its 1st energy level
  and 4 electrons in its 2nd energy level.

3
Carbon

• Carbons 4 valence electrons form covalent bonds
  with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, nitrogen and
  oxygen.
• Carbon can share one electron in a single bond,
  two electrons in a double bond, and even three
  electrons (triple bond not shown)

4
Isomers

• Butane has the chemical formula C4H10.
• Chemical formulas describe the type and number of
  atoms.
• Structural formulas describe the type, number and
  position of atoms. Butanes structural formula
  is seen below.
• Isomers have the same chemical formula, but
  different structural formulas.

5
Monosaccharide

• Here are 3 examples of a monosaccharide
• A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate.
• These 3 elements are also isomers.
• They all have the chemical formula C6H12O6.
• The CHO ratio for a monosaccharide is 121.

6
Glucose Chain and Ring

• Glucose (and other monosaccharide) chains can
  bend to form a ring.

7
Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

• One monosaccharide can join with another
  monosaccharide to create a disaccharide like
  sucrose.
• A polysaccharide like cellulose (on the right) is
  many monosaccharides linked together.

8
Glycerol and Fats

• Glycerol is a key component to many lipids.
• Fat, or triglycerol, forms when a glycerol head
  connects with three fatty acid tails.

9
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

• Fatty acids can be either saturated or
  unsaturated.
• Saturated fats contain only single bonds between
  carbons.
• Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond
  between carbons.

10
Proteins and Amino Acids

• Proteins are the third major family of organic
  compounds.
• Proteins are made by linking amino acids
  together.
• The side chain is a variable group.
• There are 20 different variable groups that make
  20 different types of amino acid.

11
Peptide Bonds and Polymers

• The bond linking two amino acids together is
  called a peptide bond.
• Protein chains may contain hundreds, even
  thousands, of amino acids.
• These long chains of organic molecules are called
  polymers.

12
Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are the final class of organic
  compound.
• Nucleic acids are composed of individual
  nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate
  group and a nitrogenous base.