????( Biotic system)

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????( Biotic system)

• AL GEOG

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• ???(Biosphere)?????????????????
• ????( Biotic system)
• ????????????, ????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????
• ????????????????
• ????(Ecosystem)

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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
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????(Ecosystem)

• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????,???????????,????????
• ???????  (????)
• ?????(abiotic components)
• ????(biotic components)

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Abiotic components
Biotic components
sunlight
CO2
Energy loss
Producers
consumers
Water in soil
Nutrient in soil
decomposer
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1. ?????(abiotic components)

• ?????
• ?????????(inorganic substance)????????????????????
  ?.??
• ????????????????(organic substance)???????????????
  ??
• ????(environment)????????????.????????????.??
  
• ??????? gt ???? ?? gt ??? ?? gt ????????

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2. ????(biotic components)

• ???????????
• ???(producers)
• ???(consumers)
• ???(decomposer)

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a. ???(producers)

• ?????????????????????????????(autotroph)?
• ??????????????????
• ????(photosynthesis)?6CO2 6H2O -gt C6H12O6 6O2

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b. ???(consumers)

• ????????,?????????????,???????(heterotroph)?
• ?????????,???????
• ??????????(herbivores)
• ?????????? (carnivores)
• ?????????? (omnivores)
• ???? (detritivores)

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1. ?????????????????????(herbivores)
2. ?????????????????????(carnivores)
3. ?????????????????????????(omnivores)
4. ????????????????????????????????????????????,????
   ??????(detritivores)

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c. ???(decomposer)

• ??????????????????????????
• ????????,????????
• ???????????,???????????????????
• ??????????,???????????,?????????

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???????

• ??????????????????????????
• ???? (energy flow)
• ???? (matter cycle)

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1. ???? ( energy flow )

• ??????? (First law of thermodynamics)????????????
  ?????,???????????
• ??????? (Second law of thermodynamics)???????????
  ??????,?????????????????(? entropy)???,???????????
  ????????,?????????????

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???????
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• ??????,??????????????????????????,????????????????
  ????
• ?????(fixing of energy) --- ????
• ?????(transfer of energy)

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a. ?????(fixing of energy)

1. ????(primary production)
2. ????(secondary production)
3. ???(Biomass)
4. ??(Production)

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i. ????(primary production)

• ??????????????????,???????????,???????
• ??????,???1???????,????674???????
• ?????????????????????????,???????(primary
  production)?
• ??????(net primary production)????????????????,???
  ???????????,????????????????????????
• NPP GPP RA?????? ?????? ??????

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ii. ????(secondary production)

• ?????,??????????????,????????,?????????,???????
• ????????????,???????????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????,??????????
• ???????????,???????????
• NSP GSP RH?????? ?????? ????

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iii. ???(Biomass)

• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????????????(??
  /???)
• ????????,?????????????,??????1,??????????????

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iv. ???(Production)

• ???(Production)??????????,??????????????
• ??????,??????????????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????? ---gt????2000?/?2 /?, 
  ?????1200?/?2/?,   ????71?/? 2/?,   ????144?/?
  2/? ?

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• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????,???????????
• ?????????,???????????

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b. ?????(Transfer of energy)

• ??????,?????????????,?????????????
• ????????
• ???(Food chain)
• ???(Food web)
• ???(Food pyramid)

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i. ??? (Food chain)

• ???---?????????????????????,?????????????
• ??????????,????????
• ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ????????????????????????????????????????

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??????
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?????
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• ????????????????
• ?????? --- ??????????????,?????????????????,??????
  ??????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ???????
• ?????? ---????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????,????????????????????????????

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ii. ???(Food web)

• ????????????,?????????,??????????????????????????
  ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
• ???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ??????????????????,????,??????

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???????
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iii.??? (Pyramid of biomass)

• ????(???) ??????????????
• ????(?????) ??????????????
• ????(?????) ????????????????
• ????????????,????????????
• ???????????????????,??????????,???????????????????
  ???????????,????????????????????????

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• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,???????
• ???????????,??????????????????????????,??????,???
  ????
• ????????????????????????????????????,?????????,??
  ??????

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???? ????
B biomass ??? I input ???? NA not
assimilated ???? A assimilation
???? P production ?? R respiration ??
I NA A ? I NA R P
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??????????
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???? (Matter Cycle/Material Cycle)

• ??????,???????????,?????????
• ????????????,?????????
• ????????,??????????????????
• ????????????,???????????,?????????,????????,??????
  ??????????????????,???????,????????????????????
• ??????,????????????,???????

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????????? (Nutrient cycle)

• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????,?????????
• ??????????????(Soil)????(Litter)????(Biomass)???

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• ????????(habitat)?,???????????????????
• ???????? (Biogeochemical Cycle)?????????????????,
  ?????????????????????????
• ????????

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???
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???
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??????? Ecological equilibrium

• ???????????,??????????????????,??????,????,???????
  ???????????????????? ?????
• ???????
• ?? -- ????
• ?????
• ?????
• ????????????????,????????????????????????????,????
  ????

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???????

• ??????
• ???????????,????????,??????????
• ??????????
• ??gt??????????
• ??lt??????????
• ???????????????,????????,????????

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2. ?????
???????

• ?????????????,????????????????
• ??????????????????????????(bio-diversity),????????
  ????
• ???????,?????????????
• ????????????????,???????,????????,???????
• ??? ??????????,??????? ?????????,???????

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3. ?????
???????

• ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????,??????????????????,????????????

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???????

• ???????????????????
• ??????????,????????
• ????????????????,????????
• ??????????,????????
• ????????????,????????
• ???????????,???????????????????

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???????
Coastal
Shallow sea
Oceanic
Flowing water
Slack water
Desert
Tundra
Steppe
Forest
Farmland
Urban
Man-made woodland