Chapter 3 Matter

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Chapter 3 Matter

• I. Properties Changes in Matter
• Extensive vs. Intensive
• Physical vs. Chemical

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A. Extensive vs. Intensive

• Extensive Property
• depends on the amount of matter present
• Intensive Property
• depends on the identity of substance, not the
  amount

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A. Extensive vs. Intensive

• Examples
• boiling point
• volume
• mass
• density
• conductivity

• intensive
• extensive
• extensive
• intensive
• intensive

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B. Physical vs. Chemical

• Physical Property
• can be observed without changing the identity of
  the substance
• Click for movie
• Chemical Property
• describes the ability of a substance to undergo
  changes in identity

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B. Physical vs. Chemical

• Examples
• melting point
• flammable
• density
• magnetic
• tarnishes in air

• physical
• chemical
• physical
• physical
• chemical

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B. Physical vs. Chemical

• Physical Change
• changes the form of a substance without changing
  its identity
• properties remain the same

Chemical Change changes the identity of a
substance products have different properties
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B. Physical vs. Chemical

• Signs of a Chemical Change
• change in color or odor
• formation of a gas
• formation of a precipitate (solid)
• change in light or heat

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B. Physical vs. Chemical

• Examples
• rusting iron
• dissolving in water
• burning a log
• melting ice
• grinding spices

• chemical
• physical
• chemical
• physical
• physical

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Chemical verses physical changeWhich one is a
physical change?
A. Sodium reacting B. Iodine changing
with chlorine. from a
solid to a gas
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Matter

• II. States of Matter
• Kinetic Molecular Theory
• States of Matter
• Click for movie

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Physical Properties

• States of matter
• solid liquid gas

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A. Kinetic Molecular Theory

• KMT
• Particles of matter are always in motion.
• The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles
  increases as temperature increases.

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B. Four States of Matter

• Solids
• very low KE - particles vibrate but cant move
  around
• fixed shape
• fixed volume

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B. Four States of Matter

• Liquids
• low KE - particles can move around but are still
  close together
• variable shape
• fixed volume

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B. Four States of Matter

• Gases
• high KE - particles can separate and move
  throughout container
• variable shape
• variable volume
• Click for movie

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The States of Matter
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Changes of State

• Melting - the transition from the solid substance
  into a liquid
• The melting Point
• Freezing or Fusion - liquid to solid
• The Freezing point
• When does water melt?
• When does water freeze?

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Changes of State

• Boiling or Vaporization or Evaporation
• liquid to gas
• Condensation - gas to liquid
• Sublimation - solid to gas
• Deposition - gas to solid

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B. Four States of Matter

• Plasma
• very high KE - particles collide with enough
  energy to break into charged particles (/-)
• gas-like, variableshape volume
• stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, CRTs

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Matter

• III. Classification of Matter
• Matter Flowchart
• Pure Substances
• Mixtures

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A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes
no
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
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A. Matter Flowchart

• Examples
• graphite
• salt pepper
• sugar (sucrose)
• paint
• soda

• element
• hetero. mixture
• compound
• hetero. mixture
• solution

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B. Pure Substances

• Element
• composed of identical atoms
• Ex copper wire, aluminum foil

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B. Pure Substances

• Compound
• composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
  elements
• Ex table salt (NaCl)

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B. Pure Substances

• Law of Definite Composition
• A given compound always contains the same, fixed
  ratio of elements.
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Elements can combine in different ratios to form
  different compounds.

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B. Pure Substances

• For example

Two different compounds, each has a definite
composition.
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Pure Substances
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C. Mixtures

• Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
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C. Mixtures

• Solution
• homogeneous
• very small particles
• no Tyndall effect

• particles dont settle
• EX rubbing alcohol

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C. Mixtures

• Colloid
• heterogeneous
• medium-sized particles
• Tyndall Effect
• particles dont settle
• EX milk

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C. Mixtures

• Suspension
• heterogeneous
• larger particles
• Tyndall Effect
• particles settle
• EX fresh-squeezed lemonade with pulp

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Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Heterogeneous mixtures occur when you can see the
  physical differences between the substances.
• Is a salt and water mixture a heterogeneous
  mixture?
• Is a mixture of sand and water a heterogeneous
  mixture?

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C. Mixtures

• Examples
• milk
• muddy water
• fog
• salt water
• Italian salad dressing

• colloid
• suspension
• colloid
• solution
• suspension

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Compounds and Mixtures
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Physical Separation Techniques

• Mixtures are combinations of two or more
  substances that when mixed do not change.
• Therefore, physical properties can be used to
  separate them.
• What physical properties could be used?
• Think about how you could separate iron, salt and
  sand.
• Total Cereal

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Physical Separations

• Filtering
• Separation by the physical property of
  solubility. One substance is soluble the other
  is not.
• Coffee filters
• Tea bags
• Spaghetti

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Physical Separations

• Chromatography
• Separation by solubility, mass or bonding
  properties
• Separation of inks
• Separation of MM dyes
• Separation of leaf pigments.

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Physical Separations

• Distillation
• Separation by the physical properties of melting
  point or boiling point
• Purifying water

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Physical Separations

• Are used to separate substances present in a
  mixture by using any physical property that is
  different between the two substances.
• What are the substances that make up a mixture?
• If the substances are not mixtures then they must
  be pure.