Components of Computer Integrated Manufacturing: CAD/CAM

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Unit 2

• Components of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
  CAD/CAM

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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

• CIM is the manufacturing approach of using
  computers to control the entire production
  process.
• This integration allows individual processes to
  exchange information with each other and initiate
  actions.
• Through the integration of computers,
  manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone.

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CIM Components or Subsystems Include

• CAD
• CAM
• CAPP
• CAE
• ERP
• PPC
• CAE
• Computers
• Automated conveyors

• CNC
• DNC
• Robotics
• Controllers
• FMS
• ASRS
• AGV
• Monitoring equipment
• Others

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Chapter 3

• Product Design and Production Engineering

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Product Design and Production Engineering

• These areas or departments are appropriate
  starting points for a detailed study of CIM
• The two have embraced and encouraged the use of
  technology to reduce many tedious manual tasks
• The initial creation of data starts in these
  areas
• It is appropriate to have a common data base for
  all the data

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Sample CIM Sub-Systems
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Design Information Flow

• The product area is responsible for product
  design and analysis, material selection, and
  design and production documentation
• The production engineering area adds production
  standards for labor, process, and quality to the
  product data from design area.
• Engineering release is responsible for product
  change control.

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The Design Process A model

• Although there is a five-step design process,
  marketing plays a role before design engineering
  picks up

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Step 1 Conceptualization

• Conceptualization (recognition of need
  definition of the problem)
• Form (shape, style, and character)
• Fit (marketing fit or order winning criteria)
• Function is determined with data from marketing
• Divided into two Typical and atypical
• Typical design relates to repetitive design
• Atypical design is for new product

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Step 2 Synthesis

• Specification of material
• Addition of geometric features
• Inclusion of greater dimensional details to
  conceptualized design
• Removes (filters) cost-adding features and
  materials
• Employs DFM and DFA to ensure good design
• About 70 of manufacturing cost is fixed in steps
  1 and 2 activities

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Step 3 Analysis

• Analysis means determining/describing the nature
  of the design by separating it into its parts to
  determine the fit between the proposed design and
  the original design goals
• Two categories of analysis are mass properties
  and finite
• Can be performed manually, but the computer
  increases analysis capability and reduces its
  time

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Step 4 Evaluation

• Checks the design against the original
  specifications
• Often requires construction of a prototype to
  test for conformance
• Often employs rapid prototyping technique

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Step 5 Documentation

• Creating all necessary product and part views in
  the form of working drawings, detailed and
  assembly drawings
• Addition of dimensions, tolerances, special
  manufacturing notes, and standard components
• Creation of part numbers, bill of materials, and
  detailed part specifications
• Creation of product electronic data files used by
  manufacturing planning and control, production
  engineering, marketing and quality control

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Chapter 4 Design Automation CAD

• CAD is the application of computers and graphics
  software to aid or enhance the product design
  from conceptualization to documentation.
• Computer-aided drafting (CAD) automates the
  drawing or product documentation process.
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is used to increase
  the productivity of the product designers.

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CAD System Capabilities Include

• Stand-alone PC and RISC-based CAD workstations at
  each engineering and design drafting location
• The ability to share part data and product
  information with every station in the system

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CAD System Capabilities Include

• Access to part data files from the mainframe
  computers on the network
• Shared peripheral resources such as printers and
  plotters
• Concurrent work on the same project from multiple
  workstations, one of the reasons our team project
  needs a web site or data base.

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Basic CAD System Includes

• Keyboard
• Input devices
• Output devices

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Application of CAD to Manufacturing Systems

• Concept and repetitive design (product, fixtures,
  gauges, pallets, mold, etc.)
• Drafting
• New product development management (PDM) and the
  Internet

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Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM)

•   CAM is the effective use of computer
  technology in the planning, management, and
  control of production for the enterprise.
•   One of the major applications of CAM is in
  CAD/CAM where the part geometry created with CAD
  in the design engineering is used with CAM
  software to create machine code (NC/CNC) capable
  of machining the part.

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Computer-aided Manufacturing

• Includes the use of CAD files to
• Define the machine tool that will process the
  part
• Define the stock or material
• Define the features to machine
• Generate operations
• Select the origin
• Generate tool paths
• Simulate tool paths
• Generate NC code
• Download NC programs
• Operate the CNC machine that will cut the part

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Data Communication Processes in CAD/CAM

• In CAD/CAM
• Data is created
• Data is generated
• Data is simulated
• Data is transformed
• Data is translated
• Data is cleaned

• Data is stored
• Data is communicated
• Data is manipulated
• Data is managed
• Data is analyzed
• Data is retrieved
• Data is interpreted

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Numerical Control (NC), Computer Numerical
Control (CNC), and Distributive Numerical Control
(DNC)

• NC
• CNC behind the reader system
• DNC minicomputer system

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing Network Demands

•   A common database for enterprise information
  flow
•   Easy, accurate and instantaneous movement of
  part geometry files and product data between
  departments
•   An enterprise network is a communications
  system that supports communications and the
  exchange of information and data among various
  devices connected to the network over distances
  from several feet to thousands of miles

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Data is Defined as

•      Information
•      Statistics
•      Facts
•      Figures
•      Number
•      Records
•      Report
•      Account
•      Minutes
•      Proceedings

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How Data is Acquired and Used in a CIM Environment

•      By Simple Data Acquisition, such as
• Ø Given Data
• Ø Measurement Data
•      By Data Generation (from CAD)
•      By Data Importation (from CAD)
•      By Data Analysis (from CAD)
•      By Data Computing (from CAD)
•      By Data Conversion (from CAD)
•      By Data Formatting (from CAD)
•      By Data Processing (from CAD)
•      By Data Translation

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Product As Origin Of Data
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Design

• Conceptual design (parts and assembly)
• Synthesis (materials, geometry, DFM etc.)
• Analysis (meeting original design goals)
• Evaluation (using prototypes)
• Documentation (views, BOM, part numbers,
  dimensions etc.)
• Bill of materials (BOM) creation
• Product structure diagram

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Manufacturing

• MRP daily production scheduling tasks
• Capacity production activity control tasks
• Part manufacture (material processing)
• Product assembly
• Quality and inspection tasks
• Material handling tasks
• Storage retrieval tasks

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CIM Database
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Sub-Systems of CIM
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System-To-System
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Worker-To-System
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System-To-Worker
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Worker-To-Worker
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Current Capabilities and Applications

•         Networks
•         Hardware communications
•         Embedded computers
•         Systems integration

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Problems to Overcome in Implementing CIM

•         Interdepartmental support/politics
•         CIM justification
•         Intangible benefits

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Sample CIM Sub-Systems
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Sample CIM Network