AP World History

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AP World History

• Enlightenment and the French Revolution

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The Enlightenment
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Origins of the Enlightenment

• What was the Enlightenment?
• An 18th century philosophical movement that
  advocated reason as the primary source of
  authority and legitimacy
• What were the basic principals of the
  Enlightenment?
• Reason Truth through logical reasoning
• Nature Nature is good natural laws of politics
  economics
• Happiness Live by natures laws and you will
  find happiness
• Progress Believed society and humankind could
  be perfected
• Liberty Believed society should be set free

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Important Enlightenment Thinkers
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

• Lived during the English Civil War
• Famous work was Leviathan
• Main Ideas
• Man is inherently selfish and aggressive
• Mankind, if left on its own, would be ruled by
  chaos and conflict
• Citizens need the law and a strong monarch to
  prevent chaos
• The Social Contract

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John Locke (1632-1704)

• Lived during the English Civil War
• Father of Liberalism
• Supported individuals natural right to life,
  liberty, and property
• Government at the consent of the governed
• Influenced the American Revolution and French
  Enlightenment thinkers

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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)

• French philosopher
• Main Ideas
• Humans are basically good by nature but corrupted
  by society
• Advocated direct democracy
• Influenced the American French Revolutions

Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains
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Voltaire (1694-1778)

• Perhaps the most brilliant Enlightenment
  philosopher
• Friend of Frederick II of Prussia
• Frequently targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and
  government
• Main Ideas
• Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, tolerance
• Attacked intolerance, prejudice, and superstition

Crush the evil thing
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Montesquieu (1689-1755)

• A French aristocrat and a lawyer
• Believed Britain was the best-governed country
• Main Ideas
• Challenged absolute monarchy
• Separation of Powers
• Executive, legislative, judicial
• Checks and Balances
• Influenced the United States Constitution

Power should be a check to power
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Women and the Enlightenment

• Enlightenment thinkers maintained traditional
  ideas toward women
• Educated women challenged these ideas using
  Enlightenment arguments
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Women need education to be virtuous useful
• Women have the right to participate in politics
• Women helped spread Enlightenment ideas by
  holding salons

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Impact of the Enlightenment
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Impact of the Enlightenment

• Revolutions
• American, French, Haitian, etc.
• Belief in social and human progress
• Abolition of slavery, promote education, social
  equality, etc.
• Secular outlook in Europe
• Promotion of religious tolerance, openly question
  religious beliefs, science challenges religious
  teachings
• Importance of the individual
• People can judge right and wrong for themselves,
  rise of capitalism, support for democracy, etc.

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The French Revolution
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Preliminary Stage
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Causes of the French Revolution
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The Enlightenment

• Political Legal Equality (Rousseau)
• Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)
• Social Contract (Hobbes)
• Popular Sovereignty Natural Rights (Locke)
• Global Influence of Enlightenment Values
• American Revolution
• Overthrow the ancien régime (old order)

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Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI
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Financial Crisis

• During 1780s, 50 of revenue went to pay off
  debts
• American Revolution?
• Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy
• Series of bad harvests 1787 1788
• Bread prices went up 50 in 1789
• Need for tax reform
• Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on ancien régime
• Aristocracy resisted reforms
• Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the
  first time since 1614

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Estates General

• First Estate 100,000 Catholic clergy
• Did not pay taxes
• Second Estate 400,000 nobles
• Exempt from most taxes
• Third Estate Rest of Population
• Provided bulk of French tax revenue

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Discussion Questions
What were the similarities between the long-term
causes of the American and French Revolutions?
Differences?
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Initial Stage(1789-1791)
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Calling of the Estates-General
Louis the XVI wanted to raise more money but
didnt permission from the estates General. 1st
and 2nd estate voted against the 3rd estate to
share the tax burden more. This angered the 3rd
estate
May 5, 1789
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The National Assembly
The Third estate left the estates general and
formed the national assembly. They performed the
tennis court oath where they refused to meet with
the king until he agreed to a Constitutional
Monarchy.
June 20, 1789
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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Storming of the Bastille
French citizens fearing King Louis XVI would use
violence to put down the revolution stormed the
Bastille on 14 July 1789
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Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

• Passed by the National Assembly on August 26,
  1789
• Not a Constitution but a statement of general
  principals
• Defines individual and collective rights
• Does not address women or slavery

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Womens March
Storming of Versailles October 1, 1789
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Crisis Stage(1792-1794)
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Radicals Take Control
Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792
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Execution of Louis XVI (Reign of Terror)
January 21, 1793
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Radical Reforms of the Jacobins

• Universal adult male suffrage
• Abolished slavery
• Fuels Haitian Revolution
• Universal military conscription
• Attacked Catholicism
• Forced priests to marry
• Spirit of nationalism
• Set price controls seized crops from farmers

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Festival of the Supreme Being (new religion)
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Reign of Terror

• Led by Maximilien Robespierre
• According to records 16,000 died under the
  guillotine
• Historians estimate could be as high as 40,000

• The first maxim of our politics ought to be to
  lead the people by means of reason and the
  enemies of the people by terror.

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British View of Reign of Terror
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End of the Terror
July 28, 1794
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Discussion Question
How were the actions of American radicals and
French radicals similar? How were they different?
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Recovery Stage(1794-1815)
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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Moderate government, the Directory, rules for
  four years following Reign of Terror
• Failed to solve economic problems of France
• Napoleon staged a coup detat in 1799
• Becomes emperor in 1804

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Domestic Policies of Napoleon

• Maintained some rights gainedduring the
  revolution
• Freedom of religion
• Napoleonic Code (Civil Code)
• Schools and universities
• Reversed other gains
• Rights of women
• Freedom of expression
• Reformed economy
• Revised tax code
• Central bank

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Napoleons Empire
Left Napoleons Empire by 1912 Above Napoleons
Retreat from Russia
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Napoleons Invasion of Russia
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Napoleon on Elba
This should NOT be a prison
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Battle of Waterloo
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Legacy of the French Revolution

• Global Independence movements
• Haitian Revolution
• Latin American independence
• Triggered by Napoleons invasion of Spain
• Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire
• Slave Trade and Slavery
• England abolished slave trade in 1807 slavery in
  1833
• BrazilLast to abolish slavery (1888)
• Abolition of serfdom
• Except in Russia

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Legacy of the French Revolution

• Womens Rights
• Played major role in the revolutions
• Sewing uniforms, nurses, running businesses, some
  even fought
• Lost many rights after revolution
• Napoleon
• Feminist Movements
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Spread of nationalism in Europe
• German and Italian unification
• Greek independence