The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution
From Why? To How?
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What Was the Scientific Revolution?

• A revolution in human understanding and knowledge
  about the physical universe
• Epistemological Shift

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Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution

• Rise of universities
• Contact with non-Western societies
• The Renaissance
• Exploration

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1600s-A cruel era. Sickness, poverty and
Suffering were viewed as rebukes from God.
Traitors Heads Mounted On pikes
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Two disasters
Fire and Plague
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Rationalism

• René Descartes (15961650)
• French philosopher Cogito ergo sum (I think,
  therefore, I am)
• Deductive reasoning

René Descartes
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Francis Bacon andthe Scientific Method

• 15611626
• English philosopher Inductive reasoning
• Argued for experimental methodology

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Models of the Universe Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric

• Geocentric the Earth is at the center of the
  universe all heavenly bodies move around the
  Earth

Heliocentric the Sun is at the center of the
universe all heavenly bodies move around the
Sunincluding the Earth
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Nicholas Copernicus (14731543)

• Polish astronomer and mathematician
• Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial
  Spheres (1543)

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Johannes Kepler (15711630)

• German astronomer and mathematician
• Theorized three laws of planetary motion using
  Tychos data

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Keplers Three Laws of Planetary Motion

• Law of Ellipses Planets orbit the sun in
  elliptical patterns
• Law of Equal Areas The speed of planetary motion
  changes constantly depending on the distance from
  the Sun
• Law of Harmonies Compares the movement of all
  the planets, claiming a similarity in their motion

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Galileo Galilei (15641642)

• Italian mathematician, astronomer
• Father of Science
• Telescopes and astronomical discoveries
• Theory of falling objects disproved Aristotle

Galileos telescopic drawing of the moon
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Galileo vs. the Catholic Church

• The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of
  the universe
• The Roman Inquisition
• Galileos trial
• Galileo recants, put under house arrest

19th-century depiction of Galileo before the
Inquisition tribunal
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Sir Isaac Newton (16421727)

• English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician
• Synthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler and
  Galileo
• The Principia

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Newtons Laws of Motion

• First Law Law of Inertia
• Second Law Fundamental Law of Dynamics
• Third Law Law of Reciprocal Actions

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William Harvey (15781657)

• English physician
• Described the functioning of the heart and
  circulatory system

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Chemistry
Joseph Priestley (17331804)
Antoine Lavoisier (17431794)
Robert Boyle (16271691)
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Mathematics

• Math symbols for addition, subtraction,
  multiplication and division
• Analytical geometry Descartes
• Calculus Newton

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New Invention The Telescope

• Invented in the Netherlands
• Galileo
• Newton

Illustration of Galileo at his telescope
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New Invention The Microscope

• Hans Janssen
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Robert Hooke

Hookes drawing of a flea (from Micrographia)
A Janssen microscope, c.1600
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The Significance of the Scientific Revolution

• Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems
• Development of the scientific method
• The Enlightenment