Macronutrients

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Macronutrients
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Learning Goals for Digestion

• By the end of this chapter, you will be able to
• Explain the anatomy of the digestive system
• Explain the importance of digestion in providing
  nutrients needed for energy and growth
• Describe the types of nutrients necessary for
  energy and growth
• Describe disorders related to the digestive system

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Key Terms

• Macronutrient nutrient needed in large amounts
  of in our diet
• Micronutrient nutrient needed in small amounts
  in our diet
• Polymer molecule made up of many subunits
• Monomer a subunit of a polymer
• Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
  reaction in which monomers are joined, with water
  as a byproduct
• Catalyst speeds up a reaction without being
  consumed in the reaction
• Enzyme protein catalyst. Enzymes often end in
  the suffix -ase, eg. DNA polymerase (enzyme
  that makes DNA polymers)
• Hydrophobic water fearing (not water soluble)
• Hydrophillic water loving (water soluble)

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Macro and Micro Nutrients

• Macronutrients (Macromolecules)
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids (will not be discussed until grade
  12)
• Micronutrients
• Vitamins
• Minerals

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Single sugars
• Eg. Glucose, fructose, dextrose
• Disaccharides
• Combination of two monosaccharides
• Eg. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides
• A polymer of many monosaccharides
• Eg. Glycogen, amylose (starch), cellulose, chitin

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Formation of di/poly saccharides

• Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reactions)
• Additional monosaccharides can be added, creating
  polysaccharides.

Woohoo, Im free
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Lipids

• Fats, Oils and Waxes (depending on the state at
  room temperature)
• Made of triglycerides (glycerol and three fatty
  acids)
• Glycerol fatty acids are condensation reactions

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Fatty Acids

• Hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid can either be
  saturated (containing only single bonds) or
  unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds
  between carbons)

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Lipids

• Phospholipids

• Steroids

• Amphiphillic molecules containing glycerol, 2
  fatty acids, and a polar head

• Multi-ringed molecules often used as chemical
  messengers (hormones)
• Eg. Cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone

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Proteins

• Made of chains of amino acids
• There are 20 different amino acids (8 are
  essential)
• Each amino acids has an amino group, a carboxyl
  group and a unique portion called the R-Group

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Polypeptides

• Many amino acids join together (via dehydration
  synthesis reactions) to form polypeptides (the
  bond between two amino acids is called a peptide
  bond)

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Vitamins

• Organic molecules required in tiny amounts by an
  organism

Vitamin Fat/Water soluble Role
A Fat Good vision, healthy skin and bones
B Water Metabolism, growth, muscle tone, energy
C Water Collagen and bone formation, teeth and gums, blood vessels, immune system
D Fat Calcium absorption, bone formation
E Fat Strengthens red blood cells, antioxidant
K Fat Used in the blood clotting pathway
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Minerals

• Inorganic trace elements required in small amounts

Mineral Role (may have other roles not listed here)
Potassium Systemic electrolyte, nervous impulses
Chlorine Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Sodium Systemic electrolyte, nervous impulses
Calcium Muscle, heart, digestive health, bones, synapses
Phosphorus Component of bone, energy processing, component of DNA/RNA
Magnesium Bones, ATP processing
Zinc Needed for the proper functioning of many enzymes (cofactor gr 12)
Iron Blood (carries oxgyen/carbon dioxide), other proteins
Manganese Enzyme cofactor
Copper Needed for redox reactions in metabolism (cytochrome C)
Iodine Used to make thyroid hormones (eg. Triiodothyronine)
Selenium Enzyme cofactor
Molybdenum Enzyme cofactor
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Formative Quiz

• Take out a piece of paper (1/2 page is fine)
• Identify the molecule you see on the slide
• Be as specific as possible