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Chapters 4-5 Unit 4 Ecology

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Title: Chapters 4-5 Unit 4 Ecology


1
Chapters 4-5Unit 4Ecology
  • Studying Ecology
  • Describing Populations
  • Energy movement through the ecosystem

2
Unit4 Vocabulary (30)
  • Abiotic factor
  • Autotroph
  • Biotic factor
  • Carnivore
  • Community
  • Consumer
  • Decomposer
  • Detrivore
  • Ecology
  • Ecosystem
  • Habitat
  • Herbivore
  • Heterotroph
  • Omnivore
  • Population
  • Producer
  • Resources
  • Species
  • Biomass
  • Ecological efficiency
  • Food chain
  • Food web
  • Keystone species
  • Primary consumer
  • Primary producer
  • Primary productivity
  • Pyramid of energy
  • Pyramid of numbers
  • Secondary consumer
  • Trophic level

3
Levels of Ecological Organization
  • Ecology Study of how organisms interact with
    each other with their environment
  • Individuals Populations Communities
    Ecosystems
    Biosphere
  • Individual species can interbreed and produce
    fertile offspring
  • Population members of a species that live in
    the same area at the same time
  • Community all of the populations in a
    particular area
  • Ecosystem living nonliving

4
Biotic Abiotic Factors
  • Biotic factors parts of the ecosystem that are
    living or used to be living
  • Abiotic factors parts of the ecosystem that
    have never been living

5
Habitat
  • Habitat specific environment in which an
    organism lives
  • Organisms depend on resources provided by their
    habitat for survival
  • Resource anything an organism needs, incl.
    nutrients, shelter, mates

6
Small Group
  • For all the levels of ecological organization
    (individuals to biosphere), state whether it
    contains only biotic factors, only abiotic
    factors, or both. Then, write a question that an
    ecologist might ask when studying life at each of
    the levels.
  • Section 4.1 Review

7
What is a population?
  • Individuals of the same species living in a
    particular area
  • Species can consist of many populations that are
    geographically isolated

8
Population Size
  • The number of individual organisms present in a
    given population at a given time
  • This may increase, decrease, undergo cyclical
    change or remain the same over time
  • When size decreases quickly, it could mean
    extinction is coming

9
Passenger Pigeon
  • Ex. of extremes of pop. size
  • Once the most abundant bird in North America
  • Nested bred in the forests of upper Midwest and
    southern Canada
  • Deforestation led to over hunting
  • Extinct by 1914

10
Limiting Factors
  • Characteristics of the environment that limit
    population growth
  • Can be biotic or abiotic
  • Exs oxygen, sunlight, nutrients, available
    mates, competition,

11
Ecological Communities
  • Life requires energy!
  • Organisms are classified as either producer or
    consumer based on how they obtain energy
  • Primary producers capture energy from the sun or
    other chemicals and then store it in the chemical
    bonds of sugars
  • Autotroph self-feeder

12
Photosynthesis
  • For almost all ecosystems, the sun is the
    ultimate energy source
  • Primary producers include plants, algae,
    cyanobacteria
  • Turn light energy into chemical (bonds) energy
  • CO2 H2O is converted into C6H12O6 O2

13
Chemosynthesis
  • Deep-sea vents host entire communities of
    organisms
  • Complete lack of sunlight
  • Primary producers such as bacteria use H2S to
    convert CO2 H2O into sugars
  • Chemosynthesis uses a different energy source,
    but like photosynthesis, it uses water carbon
    dioxide to produce sugars

14
Small Group Activity
  • CO2 H2O energy C6H12O6 O2
  • 1. List examples of autotrophs
  • 2. Describe their role in energy production
  • 3. List some factors that might influence
    photosynthesis
  • 4. Explain why some organisms might use
    chemosynthesis
  • 5. Compare/contrast photosynthesis and
    chemosynthesis (Venn diagram)
  • 6. What is eachs source of energy?

15
Consumers
  • Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy
    and nutrients
  • Also called heterotrophs or other feeder
  • Use cellular respiration to release the energy
    from bonds created in photosynthesis or
    chemosynthesis
  • Consumers Producers use O2 with glucose to
    release CO2 H2O as byproducts and make ATP
    energy

16
  • Primary consumers - organisms that consume
    producers
  • Herbivores organisms that only consume plants
  • Secondary consumers organisms that consume the
    primary consumers herbivores
  • Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers
  • Carnivores eat only other animals
  • Omnivores eat both plant and animal food
  • Parasite does not kill its host

17
Detritivores Decomposers
  • Recyclers who help nutrients re-enter the
    ecosystem
  • Detritivores consume detritus nonliving organic
    matter like leaf litter, waste products, dead
    bodies (ex. millipedes, beetles)
  • Large detritivores are called scavengers (ex.
    vultures)
  • Decomposers break down nonliving matter for reuse
    by primary producers (ex. fungi, bacteria)

18
Trophic Levels
  • An organisms trophic level is its rank in a
    feeding hierarchy
  • Primary producers always make up the communitys
    1st trophic level
  • 10 Rule each trophic level contains just 10
    of the energy of the trophic level below it
  • You lose 90 of the original energy in the energy
    used in life

19
Biomass
  • Similar to available energy, there are generally
    fewer organisms at higher trophic levels than at
    lower ones
  • Biomass is the total amount of living tissue
  • For every hawk, there are more snakes, still more
    mice, and a huge of plants

20
Energy Biomass
  • Energy tranfers from one trophic level to another
    within a community.
  • Its efficiency is only about 10.
  • If 1000 units of energy are available at the
    producer level of the energy pyramid, about how
    many units are available for primary consumers?
  • For secondary consumers?
  • For tertiary consumers?
  • Why do most communities have only about 3 or 4
    trophic levels?

21
Food Chains Webs
  • Food chain a single linear series of feeding
    relationships (what eats what now) and shows how
    energy moves up the trophic levels (arrows point
    which way?)
  • Feed web a more accurate representation of
    feeding relationships in a community a visual
    map of all the feeding relationships and energy
    flow

22
Dont forget the decomposers, scavengers and
detritivores in the community food web.
23
Florida Food Webs
  • How are they unique?
  • How are they similar to other parts of the US?

24
Keystone Species
  • Some species have greater influence than others
  • Keystone species have a strong, wide-reaching
    impact on the community its removal can alter a
    large portion of the food web
  • Exs. sea otters, wolves, black bear, alligator.

25
Small Group Work
  • Section 5.3 packet
  • Answer the following
  • Explain the difference between a producer a
    consumer. Then explain the difference between
    herbivors, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, and
    decomposer.
  • Write a paragraph arguing that decomposers are a
    keystone group.

26
Community Stability
  • Ecological succession predictable series of
    changes over time that occur to a community
  • Two types of succession
  • Primary succession
  • No life existed
  • Secondary succession
  • Soil already present
  • Removal of biota

27
Primary Succession
  • When a disturbance is so severe, there is no
    vegetation or soil life
  • A community is built from scratch
  • Takes place on bare rock, sand or sediment that
    is exposed for the first time
  • Pioneer species species that colonize newly
    exposed land first, often have spores or seeds
    that can travel long distance. Ex. Lichen
  • Ex. glacier retreat, volcano, dry lake

28
Secondary Succession
  • A disturbance (fire, flood, farming, paving)
    alters an existing community but does not destroy
    all living things or organic matter
  • The soil remains
  • Occurs faster than primary succession
  • Usually grasses to shrubs to fast growing trees
    to hardwoods

29
Climax Communities
  • Succession eventually leads to a climax community
  • A stable community that completes the succession
    process
  • Ex. Beech-maple forests in the NE US, oak, spruce

30
Invasive Species
  • Nonnative, exotic species that spreads widely in
    a community
  • Become invasive when limiting factors are not
    present in their new environment (predators,
    parasites, competitors)
  • Not all are bad
  • Ex. zebra mussels, cane toad, kudzu, honey bees
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