EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868

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???? EDO JAPAN 1603-1868 TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
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• Early Modern Japan
• 1603-1854
• Also known as
• Edo Period
• Tokugawa Period

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• WHY IS TOKUGAWA IMPORTANT?
• Brought an end to hundred years of fighting and
  civil war between daimyos.
• Creation of a centralized state, national system
• Isolated Japan (that does NOT mean no change or
  no new ideas or contact)
• Critical transition from feudal to pre-modern
• society and economy.
• Creates conditions that enable Japan to modernize
  so rapidly in Meiji period (1868-1911).

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Before Tokugawa, Japan warring states of daimyo
(noble) warlords
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Hundreds of separate Daimyo estates
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Each with their own samurais for battle and
farmers for food Feudal decentralized
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• Portugese bring guns, goods and religion in
  mid-1500s.
• Christians killed and foreigners expelled by
  1630s

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Francis Xavier Jesuit missionary Brings
Christianity to Japan 1542
17th century Japanese Bible
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
Grasps power after a decisive battle at
Sekigahara in 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted
the title of shogun by the emperor and
establishes the Tokugawa shogunate
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• Tokugawa changes
• Economic activity (Money economy)
• Growth of cities
• Rise of merchant class
• Productivity of agriculture
• Flourishing of art

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Tokugawa Strategy MAINTAIN ORDER 1. Order in
Politics -alternate attendance system (control
daimyo) -control over samurai 2. Order in
Society -rigid class system -restrict
travel 3. Order in International
Relations -isolationism (not complete, primarily
from Western influence
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Capital city moves to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)
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• Tokugawa Strategies
• Maintain Order in Politics
• collect weapons
• renew loyalty oath w/ new shogun
• all marriages approved by Tokugawa
• alternate attendance and hostage system

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Hideyoshis Sword Hunt
Collects swords from all members of the
population except samurai, who now have the sole
right to carry them.
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Alternate attendance system (sankin kotai)
???? Families in Edo daimyos travel back/forth
every 2 years
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???? Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate
attendance system) Suppressed possibility of
rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in
Edo as hostages) Economic costs of travel on
daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies
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Tokugawa Strategy 2. Maintain Order in
Society -rigid class system -new roles for
samurai -permission to travel
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Tokugawa Strategy 2. Maintain Order in
Society -rigid class system -restrict travel
RIGID SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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Confucianism System to promote stability
1. Reverence for past 2. Maintaining proper
place in an unchanging hierarchy 3. Social
hierarchy based on contributions to good of
society
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• ? Samurai
• Literally, one who serves
• 7-8 of the total population
• Bound by code of ethics known as bushido
• Special rights
• dai-sho ?? two swords (large and small)
• kirisute-gomen ????? right to cut down/ kill
  offending commoners without punishment

seppuku ?? right to ritual suicide
(self-evisceration)
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• New social roles for samurai during the great
  Tokugawa peace

• Teachers
• Poets, scholars, writers
• Buddhist monks
• Government posts -- civil administration
• Others grew poor, became bandits
• ULTIMATELY LOST INFLUENCE

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EDUCATION INCREASEDTokugawa-era commoner
school (terakoya) for girls
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• Farmers Peasants
• More than 80 of total population
• Taxed 40-50 of the crops they produced.
• Forbidden access to all recreation and games
  other than local festivals.
• Provide labor for public works (roads, bridges,
  etc.)

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• Rise of Castle Towns
• Townspeople and Merchants
• Townsperson culture
• Laws stating what they could wear, where they
  could live, size of home, etc.
• Major commercial centers emerge.
• Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron.
  Kyoto - textiles, pottery.
• Trade along the Tokaido Road

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Bookstore in Edo
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• Travel

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Utagawa print 53 stations of the Tokaido Road
Barrier station

• Travel

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• Travel

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Tokaido road
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Rise of Merchants Money to be loaned to samurai
and daimyos Urban culture Provide goods and
entertainment
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Rise of Merchants Money to be loaned to
samurai and daimyos Urban culture Provide goods
and entertainment
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• Outcastes or
• non-persons
• The invisible class of outcastes (butchers,
  leather tanners, etc).
• Forced to live in designated districts of Edo.
• Called non-persons??
• Often worked as entertainers.

1873 photograph by Shinichi Suzuki depicting
leather workers (tanners). One man scrapes the
hide of a slaughtered deer, while another seems
to be discussing a piece of finished cat. On the
right stands a young man with a load of animal
skin.
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Traveling Book and Print Salesman
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• Entertainments
• kabuki
• sumo
• Yoshiwara pleasure districts

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Yoshiwara pleasure district
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Hiroshige, Crowds in the Theater Quarter from
100 Famous Views of Edo, 1848-1858.
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Kabuki
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Woodblock print of a kabuki actor
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Bunraku puppet theater
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Tokugawa Strategy 2. Maintain Order in
International relations -isolationism -1 Dutch
ship/ year for goods, trade
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• Changes by the 1800s.
• Dissatisfaction with Tokugawa rule
• Arrival of Commodore Perry and Black Ships

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