The Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System
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• The Endocrine System are the glands that secrete
  hormones into the bloodstream

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Endocrine System

• One of the bodys two communication systems
• Nervous and endocrine
• A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical
  messengers that circulate in the blood

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Hormone

• Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine
  glands and circulated in the blood
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are
  also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer
  lasting effects

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Endocrine System
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Hypothalamus

• Brain region that controls the pituitary gland
• Controls homeostasis the bodies ability to
  remain at a status quo level

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Pituitary Gland

• The endocrine systems gland that controls the
  other endocrine glands
• Called the master gland
• Located at the base of the brain and connects to
  the hypothalamus

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Pituitary Gland

• Controls thirst by controlling the amount of
  water in the bodys cells
• Controls female contractions, and tells the
  mammary glands to produce milk for newborns

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Pituitary Gland

• May control grooming habits, companionship, and
  sexual behavior
• Controls the flow of the human growth hormones
  dwarfism and gigantism

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Pineal Gland

• Responsible for the hormone Melatonin
• Increased levels of Melatonin cause behaviors
  associated with sleep
• Decreased levels of Melatonin cause behaviors
  associated with wakefulness

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Thyroid Gland

• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy
  level in the body
• Located in the neck

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Endocrine System
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Thyroid Gland

• controls body temperature
• Controls metabolism our bodys ability to
  transform the food we eat into usable energy
• Overactive? Behaviors may include excitability,
  insomnia, ADD, agitation, difficulty focusing
• Reduced Activity? Behaviors may include
  sleepiness, reduced muscle tone, overweight

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Adrenal Gland

• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in
  times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys
• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and
  norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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Endocrine System
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Adrenal Glands

• Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood
  sugar

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Pancreatic Gland

• Regulates the level of blood sugar (insulin) in
  the blood

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Endocrine System
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Pancreas

• Insulin is needed in the body to break down
  sugars in the body
• Too much insulin in the body devours all of the
  sugar in the blood. Behaviors exhibited include
  sluggishness and inattentiveness.

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• Too little insulin causes a buildup of sugar in
  the blood and makes the kidneys use a lot more
  water to flush it out of the body. The extra
  water needed to flush the sugar comes from
  surrounding cells, which in turn dehydrates them
  and leaves them vulnerable to infection and
  poisons.

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Sex Glands

• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the
  glands that influence emotion and physical
  development.
• Testosterone primary males hormone
• Estrogen primary female hormone
• Males and females have both estrogen and
  testosterone in their systems.

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Endocrine System
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Gonads

• Testicles release androgens (male hormones)
• Ovaries release estrogens (female hormones)
• The presence of these chemicals influence male
  and female reproductive characteristics.