The American Nation

1
The American Nation
Chapter 16
Slavery Divides the Nation, 18201861
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2
The American Nation
Chapter 16 Slavery Divides the Nation, 18201861
Section 1 Slavery in the Territories
Section 2 The Compromise of 1850
Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
Section 4 The Republican Party Emerges
Section 5 A Nation Divides
3
Slavery in the Territories
Chapter 16, Section 1

• What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?
• Why did conflict arise over the issue of slavery
  in the western territories?
• Why was the Free-Soil party founded?

4
The Missouri Compromise
Chapter 16, Section 1

• In 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave
  states. Representation in the Senate was evenly
  balanced between the North and the South.
• Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave
  state. That would give the South a majority in
  the Senate.
• Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise.
• Missouri would join the Union as a slave state.
• Maine would join the Union as a free state.
• Congress drew an imaginary line across the
  southern border of Missouri at latitude 36º30N.
  Slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana
  Purchase south of that line.

5
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
6
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
7
The Founding of the Free-Soil Party
Chapter 16, Section 1

• In 1848, slavery became an important election
  issue for the first time.
• Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the
  spread of slavery.
• They did not speak up because they did not want
  to lose southern votes. Also, they feared the
  slavery issue would split the nation.
• In 1848, antislavery members of both parties
  formed the Free-Soil party. Only a few members
  were abolitionists. The partys main goal was to
  keep slavery out of the western territories.

8
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1

• The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
• a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana
  Purchase.
• b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana
  Purchase.
• c) to keep the Union from splitting.
• d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
• People who favored popular sovereignty argued
  that
• a) voters in a new territory should decide
  whether to allow slavery there.
• b) the Missouri Compromise line should be
  extended across the Mexican Cession.
• c) slavery should be banned completely
  everywhere in the country.
• d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the
  country.

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9
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1

• The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
• a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana
  Purchase.
• b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana
  Purchase.
• c) to keep the Union from splitting.
• d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
• People who favored popular sovereignty argued
  that
• a) voters in a new territory should decide
  whether to allow slavery there.
• b) the Missouri Compromise line should be
  extended across the Mexican Cession.
• c) slavery should be banned completely
  everywhere in the country.
• d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the
  country.

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10
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2

• Why did the slavery debate erupt again in 1850?
• What was the impact of the Compromise of 1850?
• How did Uncle Toms Cabin affect attitudes toward
  slavery?

11
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
12
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2

• In 1849, there were 15 slave states and 15 free
  states. California asked to enter the Union as a
  free state.
• If California entered the Union as a free state,
  the North would have a majority in the Senate.
  The South feared that Oregon, Utah, and New
  Mexico would also soon join the Union as free
  states.
• Some southerners worried that they would be
  outvoted in the Senate. They said southern states
  should secede, or remove themselves, from the
  United States.
• Northerners said that California should be
  allowed to enter the Union as a free state
  because most of the territory lay north of the
  Missouri Compromise line.

13
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
14
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
Compromise of 1850
15
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
16
Impact of the Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2

• Provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
• All citizens must help catch runaway slaves.
• People who let fugitives escape could be fined
  1,000 and jailed.
• Special courts would handle cases of runaways.
  There would be no jury trials. Judges would
  receive 10 for sending an accused runaway to the
  South and 5 for setting someone free.
• Response to the Fugitive Slave Act
• Some judges sent African Americans to the South
  whether or not they were runaways.
• The act enraged antislavery northerners. It made
  them feel as if they were part of the slave
  system.
• Tensions remained high because neither side got
  what it wanted.

17
Uncle Toms Cabin
Chapter 16, Section 2

• What is Uncle Toms Cabin?
• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel called Uncle
  Toms Cabin to show the evils of slavery and the
  injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act. The book
  tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved African
  American noted for his kindness and piety.
• How did people react to Uncle Toms Cabin?

18
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2

• Which one of the following statements was NOT a
  part of the Compromise of 1850?
• a) California was admitted to the Union as a
  free state.
• b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
• c) Southern states that objected to the
  compromise could secede peacefully.
• d) A strict fugitive slave law required
  northerners to return runaway slaves.
• Uncle Toms Cabin affected attitudes toward
  slavery because it
• a) described the cruelty of slavery.
• b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind
  guardians.
• c) argued that northerners didnt really know
  what slavery was like.
• d) explained why northerners should return
  fugitive slaves.

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19
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2

• Which one of the following statements was NOT a
  part of the Compromise of 1850?
• a) California was admitted to the Union as a
  free state.
• b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
• c) Southern states that objected to the
  compromise could secede peacefully.
• d) A strict fugitive slave law required
  northerners to return runaway slaves.
• Uncle Toms Cabin affected attitudes toward
  slavery because it
• a) described the cruelty of slavery.
• b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind
  guardians.
• c) argued that northerners didnt really know
  what slavery was like.
• d) explained why northerners should return
  fugitive slaves.

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20
The Crisis Deepens
Chapter 16, Section 3

• What was the goal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
• Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the
  Senate?
• What impact did the Dred Scott case have on the
  nation?

21
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
22
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
23
Violence Erupts in Kansas
Chapter 16, Section 3

• Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue
  by popular sovereignty. Proslavery and
  antislavery settlers fought for control of
  Kansas. Abolitionists brought in settlers from
  New England. Proslavery settlers also moved into
  Kansas, and proslavery bands from MissouriBorder
  Ruffiansoften rode across the border into
  Kansas.
• In 1855, Kansas held elections. Border Ruffians
  voted illegally, helping to elect a proslavery
  legislature. Antislavery settlers refused to
  accept the legislature and elected their own
  governor and legislature. Kansas had two
  governments.
• A band of proslavery men raided the town of
  Lawrence, destroying homes and smashing the press
  of a Free-Soil newspaper.

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Violence Erupts in Kansas (continued)
Chapter 16, Section 3

• Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the town of
  Pottawatomie Creek and killed five proslavery
  settlers there.
• The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more
  violence. Both sides engaged in guerrilla
  warfare, or the use of hit-and-run tactics.
  Newspapers started calling the territory
  Bleeding Kansas.

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Violence Erupts in the Senate
Chapter 16, Section 3

• Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the leading
  abolitionist senator. In one speech he denounced
  the proslavery legislature of Kansas and
  viciously criticized his southern foes,
  especially Senator Andrew Butler of South
  Carolina.
• A few days later Butlers nephew, Congressman
  Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate chamber
  and with his cane beat Sumner until he was
  unconscious.

26
The Dred Scott Case
Chapter 16, Section 3

• What was the Dred Scott Case?
• Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal
  case brought to settle a dispute between people
  or groups. Dred Scott had been enslaved in
  Missouri. He moved with his owner to Illinois and
  then to the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery
  was not allowed. Scott with his owner returned to
  Missouri. When his owner died, Scott claimed that
  because he had lived in a free territory, he had
  become a free man. The case reached the Supreme
  Court as Dred Scott v. Sandford.
• What did the Supreme Court decide?
• Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an
  enslaved person, he was not a citizen.
• Slaves were considered to be property.
• Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery
  in any territory. This decision meant the
  Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

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The Dred Scott Case
Chapter 16, Section 3
28
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3

• After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
  violence broke out in Kansas because
• a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the
  Missouri Compromise.
• b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator
  from Nebraska.
• c) proslavery and antislavery forces were
  battling to gain control of the Kansas territory.
• d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to
  slavery.
• One reason the Supreme Courts Dred Scott
  decision shocked some Americans was because the
  decision declared that
• a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any
  territory.
• b) northern African Americans could ask northern
  whites for help to end slavery.
• c) slaves were property in the same way that
  horses and sheep were property.
• d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.

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29
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3

• After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
  violence broke out in Kansas because
• a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the
  Missouri Compromise.
• b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator
  from Nebraska.
• c) proslavery and antislavery forces were
  battling to gain control of the Kansas territory.
• d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to
  slavery.
• One reason the Supreme Courts Dred Scott
  decision shocked some Americans was because the
  decision declared that
• a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any
  territory.
• b) northern African Americans could ask northern
  whites for help to end slavery.
• c) slaves were property in the same way that
  horses and sheep were property.
• d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.

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30
The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4

• Why did the Republican party come into being in
  the mid-1850s?
• What events lay behind the rapid emergence of
  Abraham Lincoln as a Republican leader?
• How did Americans react to John Browns raid on
  Harpers Ferry?

31
The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4

• Who formed the Republican Party?
• A group of Free-Soilers, northern Democrats, and
  antislavery Whigs
• Why did they form a new party?
• They believed that neither the Whigs nor the
  Democrats would take a strong enough stand
  against slavery.
• What was the goal of the party?
• Its main goal was to keep slavery out of the
  western territories. A few Republicans hoped to
  end slavery in the South as well.

32
How Abraham Lincoln Became Leaderof the
Republican Party
Chapter 16, Section 4

• Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky. Later, he
  lived in Indiana and Illinois.
• Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He studied
  law and entered politics.
• He served eight years in the state legislature
  and one term in Congress.
• He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so he ran for
  the Senate in 1858.
• During the Senate campaign, he debated Stephen
  Douglas seven times.
• Lincoln Slavery is wrong. African Americans are
  entitled to all the natural rights in the
  Declaration of Independence, so slavery should
  not extend to the territories. However, it can
  remain in the states where it already exists.
• Douglas The slavery question should be settled
  by popular sovereignty.
• Douglas narrowly won the election. However,
  during the campaign, Lincoln became known
  throughout the country.

33
The Impact of John Browns Raid
Chapter 16, Section 4

• In 1859, John Brown led followers, including five
  African Americans, to Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He
  planned to raid a federal arsenal, or gun
  warehouse.
• Brown took over the arsenal. He expected that
  would inspire a slave uprising, but none took
  place.
• Troops killed ten raiders and captured Brown. He
  was tried for murder and treason, or actions
  against ones country.
• Brown gave a moving defense of his actions.
  Nevertheless he was found guilty and sentenced to
  death. John Brown was hanged.
• To many northerners, John Brown became a martyr
  because he was willing to give up his life for
  his beliefs.
• White southerners were outraged at the northern
  response. Many southerners became convinced that
  the North wanted to destroy slavery and the South
  along with it.

34
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4

• When the Republican party was formed in the
  1850s, its main goal was to
• a) attract southern support for popular
  sovereignty.
• b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became
  President.
• c) end slavery in all states of the United
  States.
• d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
• During his campaign for the United States Senate
  in 1858, Abraham Lincoln argued that
• a) African Americans were entitled to all of the
  natural rights listed in the Declaration of
  Independence.
• b) each and every state should decide slavery
  for itself.
• c) slavery should be decided in the western
  territories by popular sovereignty.
• d) slavery should be ended in the South.

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35
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4

• When the Republican party was formed in the
  1850s, its main goal was to
• a) attract southern support for popular
  sovereignty.
• b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became
  President.
• c) end slavery in all states of the United
  States.
• d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
• During his campaign for the United States Senate
  in 1858, Abraham Lincoln argued that
• a) African Americans were entitled to all of the
  natural rights listed in the Declaration of
  Independence.
• b) each and every state should decide slavery
  for itself.
• c) slavery should be decided in the western
  territories by popular sovereignty.
• d) slavery should be ended in the South.

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36
A Nation Divides
Chapter 16, Section 5

• How did the electon of 1860 reflect sectional
  divisions?
• How did the South react to the election results?
• How did the Civil War begin in 1861?

37
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5

• The Democratic party split in two Northern
  Democrat and Southern Democrat.
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas.
• Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge.
• Some Americans tried to heal the split by
  forming a new party, the Constitutional Union
  party.
• The Constitutional Union party nominated John
  Bell.
• The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.

38
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
39
How the South Reacted to the Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5

• Many southerners thought that Lincolns election
  meant the South no longer had a voice in national
  government. They believed the President and
  Congress were against them.
• Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky introduced a
  bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to
  the Pacific. He proposed an amendment to the
  Constitution that would guarantee slavery south
  of the compromise line forever. His proposals
  received little support.
• Other southerners believed secession was their
  only choice. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina
  became the first state to secede. By late
  February 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
  Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had followed.
• At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven
  states formed a new nation, the Confederate
  States of America. Jefferson Davis became its
  president.

40
How the Civil War Began
Chapter 16, Section 5

• When Lincoln took office, he warned that no state
  could lawfully leave the Union.
• Jefferson Davis had already ordered Confederate
  forces to begin seizing federal forts in the
  South.
• President Lincoln had to make a decision. Should
  he let Confederates take over federal property
  and look like he was admitting that states had a
  right to leave the Union? Or should he send
  troops to hold the forts and risk a war?
• By April 1861, the Union held only four forts in
  the South. Food supplies at oneFort Sumter in
  South Carolinawere running low. Lincoln notified
  the governor of South Carolina that he was going
  to ship food to Fort Sumter. He said he would not
  send troops or weapons.
• The Confederates demanded that Fort Sumter
  surrender to them. The Union commander refused to
  give in. The Confederates opened fire. The Union
  troops ran out of ammunition and had to
  surrender.

41
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5

• To many southerners, Lincolns election meant
  southern states had to secede from the Union
  because
• a) the Democratic party had split in two.
• b) they believed that Lincolns election meant
  the South no longer had a voice in the national
  government.
• c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
• d) they wanted to save the Union.
• The Civil War began when
• a) Southern Democrats all voted for
  Breckinridge.
• b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
• c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
• d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort
  Sumter.

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42
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5

• To many southerners, Lincolns election meant
  southern states had to secede from the Union
  because
• a) the Democratic party had split in two.
• b) they believed that Lincolns election meant
  the South no longer had a voice in the national
  government.
• c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
• d) they wanted to save the Union.
• The Civil War began when
• a) Southern Democrats all voted for
  Breckinridge.
• b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
• c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
• d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort
  Sumter.

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