Title: Foreign Policy
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2Foreign Policy
- Programs and policies that determine Americas
relations with other nations and foreign entities - The nations chief foreign-policy actors are
- The president
- The Congress
- The bureaucracy
- Foreign policy is often thought of as
non-partisan
3Foreign Policy Goals Promoting Security
- Promoting security is the most important goal of
American foreign policy - Ensuring that food supplies, infrastructure,
energy supplies, and the physical security of the
population are protected from foreign threats
4State and Non-State Actors
- Nation-states Political entities consisting of
a people with some common cultural experience
(nation) who also share a common political
authority (state), recognized by other
sovereignties - Non-state actors A group other than a
nation-state that attempts to play a role in the
international system - Terrorist groups are non-state actors
5Isolationism
- The desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of
other nations - The Monroe Doctrine established the Western
Hemisphere as a region under the sphere of
influence of the United States an early
departure from isolationism
6Deterrence and Appeasement
- Deterrence The development of a nations
military capacity in order to discourage attack - Appeasement The idea of giving in to the
demands of a hostile power in order to maintain
short-term stability
7Preemption
- Foreign policy principle that permits a first
strike attack in order to prevent an enemy attack - The Bush Doctrine, formulated after 9/11, argued
that the United States had the right to
preemptively attack other nations if it was
believed they posed an imminent threat
8The Cold War
- Ideological struggle between the United States
and the Soviet Union from 1940s to 1991 - Unlike hot wars, the United States and the
Soviet Union never directly engaged each other in
military conflict - Berlin
- Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
- Vietnam
- Latin America
9The End of the Cold War
- The Truman Doctrine announced that the major goal
of American foreign policy would be to contain
the spread of communism - The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union marked the
end of the Cold War and a victory for the policy
of containment
10Foreign Policy Goals Economic Prosperity
- A second foreign policy goal, after security, is
promoting economic prosperity - Trade Policy Most-Favored-Nation status /
normal trade relations offers reduced tariffs - North American Free Trade Agreement as an example
1994 agreement between the United States,
Mexico, and Canada
11International Trade Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO) An international
group promoting free trade that grew out of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
An international trade organization, in existence
from 1947 to 1995, that set many of the rules
governing international trade
12Foreign Policy Goals Humanitarian Concerns
- A third goal of foreign policy is humanitarian
concerns - Environmental, human rights, and peace-keeping
efforts aimed at improving the lives of
individuals in other nations - Humanitarian concerns frequently take a backseat
to American security and economic interests
13Clicker Question
- Which of the following goals do you believe best
describes overall American foreign policy
objectives? - Humanitarian concerns
- Economic concerns
- Security concerns
- Other
14US International Trade in Goods and Services
15Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The President
- The President of the United States is head of
state and commander in chief - This allows the president to exercise substantial
control over American diplomatic and military
institutions - Presidential authority over foreign policy has
grown substantially in the postWorld War II era
16Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Bureaucracy
- Numerous bureaucratic agencies exist to implement
American foreign policy - State Department
- Department of Defense
- Central Intelligence Agency
- Joint Chiefs of Staff
- These agencies do not always agree or have the
same interests
17Principal Foreign Policy Provisions of the
Constitution
18Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Congress
- Constitutional power to declare war
- Senate (only) ratifies treaties and confirms
presidential appointments - Power of the purse
- Power to regulate commerce with foreign nations
- Investigation and oversight
19Who Makes American Foreign Policy? Interest Groups
- Economic interest groups Single-issue groups
(like the tobacco industry) are most effective - Ethnic lobbying Israel Lobby and Irish Lobby as
examples - Human rights
- Amnesty International
- Christian Coalition
20Clicker Question
- Which one of the following branches of the US
government is explicitly given the power to
declare war by the Constitution? - The President
- The Congress
- The Department of Defense
- The Department of State
21Crisis and Foreign Policy
- Times of crisis tend to concentrate
foreign-policy power in the hands of the
president - In general, presidents wield far more power over
foreign policy than domestic policy
22The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
- Diplomacy is a policy tool that attempts to
resolve international conflicts through direct
discussion and negotiation - The Department of State is the national
governments chief diplomatic arm - The Foreign Service Act (1946) created a fully
professional diplomatic corps
23The United Nations
- Founded in 1945, the UN is a multilateral body
created to solve international disputes before
they lead to armed conflict - The five permanent members of the UN Security
Council (United States, Russia, France, China,
and the UK) exercise the greatest degree of
influence
24Clicker Question
- Which of the following nations is NOT a member of
the UN Security Council? - India
- United States
- France
- China
25The International Monetary Structure
- The World Bank is a primary funder for long-term
capital projects in developing nations - The International Monetary Fund is a primary
source of stabilization funds during crises
26Economic Aid and Sanctions
- The vast majority of American economic aid is
used to further American security or economic
interests - Israel and Egypt are the largest recipients of
aid as a lasting effect of the Camp David Peace
Treaty - Sanctions are the economic stick of foreign
policy
27Collective Security
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a
multilateral military organization comprised of
the United States, Canada, and most of Western
Europe - Though initially created to counter the Soviet
Union, since the 1990s NATO has played a central
role in a number of regional conflicts around the
world
28Military Force
- Because of its tremendous cost, military force is
seen as a tool of last resort - Because of the amount of variables involved,
military action is seen as inherently risky
29Shares of World Military Expenditures 2010
30Arbitration
- An alternative form of dispute resolution relying
upon an independent third body to adjudicate
between competing claims - The International Court of Justice plays an
important role here
31Thinking Critically About Foreign Policy
- Realism is a school of foreign policy thought
that places national security and economic
interests above all other concerns - Idealism is a school of foreign policy thought
that emphasizes the promotion of a nations
values and ideals
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