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Foreign Policy

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Title: Foreign Policy


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  • Foreign Policy

2
Foreign Policy
  • Programs and policies that determine Americas
    relations with other nations and foreign entities
  • The nations chief foreign-policy actors are
  • The president
  • The Congress
  • The bureaucracy
  • Foreign policy is often thought of as
    non-partisan

3
Foreign Policy Goals Promoting Security
  • Promoting security is the most important goal of
    American foreign policy
  • Ensuring that food supplies, infrastructure,
    energy supplies, and the physical security of the
    population are protected from foreign threats

4
State and Non-State Actors
  • Nation-states Political entities consisting of
    a people with some common cultural experience
    (nation) who also share a common political
    authority (state), recognized by other
    sovereignties
  • Non-state actors A group other than a
    nation-state that attempts to play a role in the
    international system
  • Terrorist groups are non-state actors

5
Isolationism
  • The desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of
    other nations
  • The Monroe Doctrine established the Western
    Hemisphere as a region under the sphere of
    influence of the United States an early
    departure from isolationism

6
Deterrence and Appeasement
  • Deterrence The development of a nations
    military capacity in order to discourage attack
  • Appeasement The idea of giving in to the
    demands of a hostile power in order to maintain
    short-term stability

7
Preemption
  • Foreign policy principle that permits a first
    strike attack in order to prevent an enemy attack
  • The Bush Doctrine, formulated after 9/11, argued
    that the United States had the right to
    preemptively attack other nations if it was
    believed they posed an imminent threat

8
The Cold War
  • Ideological struggle between the United States
    and the Soviet Union from 1940s to 1991
  • Unlike hot wars, the United States and the
    Soviet Union never directly engaged each other in
    military conflict
  • Berlin
  • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
  • Vietnam
  • Latin America

9
The End of the Cold War
  • The Truman Doctrine announced that the major goal
    of American foreign policy would be to contain
    the spread of communism
  • The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union marked the
    end of the Cold War and a victory for the policy
    of containment

10
Foreign Policy Goals Economic Prosperity
  • A second foreign policy goal, after security, is
    promoting economic prosperity
  • Trade Policy Most-Favored-Nation status /
    normal trade relations offers reduced tariffs
  • North American Free Trade Agreement as an example
    1994 agreement between the United States,
    Mexico, and Canada

11
International Trade Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) An international
    group promoting free trade that grew out of the
    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
    An international trade organization, in existence
    from 1947 to 1995, that set many of the rules
    governing international trade

12
Foreign Policy Goals Humanitarian Concerns
  • A third goal of foreign policy is humanitarian
    concerns
  • Environmental, human rights, and peace-keeping
    efforts aimed at improving the lives of
    individuals in other nations
  • Humanitarian concerns frequently take a backseat
    to American security and economic interests

13
Clicker Question
  • Which of the following goals do you believe best
    describes overall American foreign policy
    objectives?
  • Humanitarian concerns
  • Economic concerns
  • Security concerns
  • Other

14
US International Trade in Goods and Services
15
Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The President
  • The President of the United States is head of
    state and commander in chief
  • This allows the president to exercise substantial
    control over American diplomatic and military
    institutions
  • Presidential authority over foreign policy has
    grown substantially in the postWorld War II era

16
Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Bureaucracy
  • Numerous bureaucratic agencies exist to implement
    American foreign policy
  • State Department
  • Department of Defense
  • Central Intelligence Agency
  • Joint Chiefs of Staff
  • These agencies do not always agree or have the
    same interests

17
Principal Foreign Policy Provisions of the
Constitution
18
Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Congress
  • Constitutional power to declare war
  • Senate (only) ratifies treaties and confirms
    presidential appointments
  • Power of the purse
  • Power to regulate commerce with foreign nations
  • Investigation and oversight

19
Who Makes American Foreign Policy? Interest Groups
  • Economic interest groups Single-issue groups
    (like the tobacco industry) are most effective
  • Ethnic lobbying Israel Lobby and Irish Lobby as
    examples
  • Human rights
  • Amnesty International
  • Christian Coalition

20
Clicker Question
  • Which one of the following branches of the US
    government is explicitly given the power to
    declare war by the Constitution?
  • The President
  • The Congress
  • The Department of Defense
  • The Department of State

21
Crisis and Foreign Policy
  • Times of crisis tend to concentrate
    foreign-policy power in the hands of the
    president
  • In general, presidents wield far more power over
    foreign policy than domestic policy

22
The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
  • Diplomacy is a policy tool that attempts to
    resolve international conflicts through direct
    discussion and negotiation
  • The Department of State is the national
    governments chief diplomatic arm
  • The Foreign Service Act (1946) created a fully
    professional diplomatic corps

23
The United Nations
  • Founded in 1945, the UN is a multilateral body
    created to solve international disputes before
    they lead to armed conflict
  • The five permanent members of the UN Security
    Council (United States, Russia, France, China,
    and the UK) exercise the greatest degree of
    influence

24
Clicker Question
  • Which of the following nations is NOT a member of
    the UN Security Council?
  • India
  • United States
  • France
  • China

25
The International Monetary Structure
  • The World Bank is a primary funder for long-term
    capital projects in developing nations
  • The International Monetary Fund is a primary
    source of stabilization funds during crises

26
Economic Aid and Sanctions
  • The vast majority of American economic aid is
    used to further American security or economic
    interests
  • Israel and Egypt are the largest recipients of
    aid as a lasting effect of the Camp David Peace
    Treaty
  • Sanctions are the economic stick of foreign
    policy

27
Collective Security
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a
    multilateral military organization comprised of
    the United States, Canada, and most of Western
    Europe
  • Though initially created to counter the Soviet
    Union, since the 1990s NATO has played a central
    role in a number of regional conflicts around the
    world

28
Military Force
  • Because of its tremendous cost, military force is
    seen as a tool of last resort
  • Because of the amount of variables involved,
    military action is seen as inherently risky

29
Shares of World Military Expenditures 2010
30
Arbitration
  • An alternative form of dispute resolution relying
    upon an independent third body to adjudicate
    between competing claims
  • The International Court of Justice plays an
    important role here

31
Thinking Critically About Foreign Policy
  • Realism is a school of foreign policy thought
    that places national security and economic
    interests above all other concerns
  • Idealism is a school of foreign policy thought
    that emphasizes the promotion of a nations
    values and ideals

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