29.2-The Triumphs of a Crusade

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29.2-The Triumphs of a Crusade

• Lesson Objective To understand the freedom
  rides, freedom summer, and March on Washington

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MAJOR DATES

• 1961 THE FREEDOM RIDES
• 1962 JAMES MEREDITH ENROLLS AT OLE MISS
• 1963 THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON
• 1964
• FREEDOM SUMMER
• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
• 1965
• THE SELMA CAMPAIGN
• VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

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KEY PLAYERS

• JAMES MEREDITH
• GOV. ROSS BARNETT
• GOV. GEORGE WALLACE
• BULL CONNOR
• MEDGAR EVERS
• MLK
• ROBERT MOSES
• FANNIE LOU HAMMER

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THE FREEDOM RIDES

• WHEN? Spring, 1961
• WHAT?
• Civil Rights rides from Washington, DC to New
  Orleans
• Rides traveled through most highly segregated
  areas of South
• WHO? C.O.R.E. organizes rides
• PURPOSE?
• Highlight injustice of bus segregation
• Attract public media attention to problem
• Force state and / or federal govt. to end
  segregation
• WHAT HAPPENS?
• Rides attacked in Deep South (define)
• Birmingham, AL is worst Bull Connor
• RESPONSE?
• JFK sends federal marshals to protect riders

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James Meredith and Ole Miss

• University of Mississippi Ole Miss
• Ole Miss was segregated, like most Southern
  universities
• Fall, 1962
• James Meredith given court permission to enroll
  at Ole Miss
• Gov. Ross Barnett refuses to allow it (see p.
  865)
• Response
• JFK orders federal marshals to ensure Merediths
  enrollment
• Q What event is this similar to?
• Result?
• Violence, riots at Ole Miss
• Federal marshals stay ensure Merediths
  enrollment

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James Meredith
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James Meredith Wounded, 1966
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Birmingham

• 1963 MLK travels to Birmingham to hold civil
  rights meetings stage nonviolent protests
• Police Commissioner Eugene Bull Connor
• Connor arrests MLK other leaders
• MLK released, protests continue
• Connor responds w/force
• Water cannon
• Attack dogs
• Clubbings, beatings, etc.
• Tear gas
• Event caught on film by mass media
• Civil Rights given more nationwide media attention

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Other Events

• 1963 JFK orders Alabama Gov. George Wallace to
  integrate University of Alabama
• Medgar Evers, NAACP officer, murdered in Jackson,
  Miss. by Byron de la Beckwith
• Beckwith charged, released due to insufficient
  evidence
• 1994 Beckwith re-tried, convicted of murder

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Gov. George Wallace of Alabama

• And I Say
• 
  Segregation Now,
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  Segregation Tomorrow,
  and
• 
  Segregation Forever!
• 
  Gov. George Wallace

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The March on Washington

• When? August, 1963
• Who?
• MLK leads effort
• 250,000 Civil Rights supporters
• Where? The Washington Mall
• Purpose?
• Pressure Congress to sign a law guaranteeing
  equal access to public accommodations
• Hopefully gain more national support / media
  attention
• Highlight MLKs I Have A Dream Speech
• Effect LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964

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I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH
Washington, D.C. - August, 1963
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FREEDOM SUMMER

• WHEN? Summer, 1964
• WHO? Robert Moses and SNCC
• WHERE? Deep South, especially Mississippi
• PURPOSE?
• -Increase African-American voter registration
  in Deep South
• -Push Congress towards new voting rights laws
• -Gain media attention
• RESULTS?
• -Extreme violence from white extremists,
  especially KKK
• -Murder, bombings, intimidation, etc. all used
• -Did not result in new voting rights laws

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Freedom Summer Murder Victims
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The Selma Campaign

• WHEN? January, 1965
• WHERE? Selma, ALABAMA
• WHO? MLK SCLC
• PURPOSE?
• Voter registration in Deep South still needed
  attention
• WHY? FREEDOM SUMMER had failed
• MLK SCLC decide to attempt same thing in AL
• Results?
• Much of the same (Shooting, beatings, arrests)
• SCLC organizes protest march from Selma to
  Montgomery, AL
• Police violence attracts more media attention
• Final Result? Voting Rights Act of 1965