The Civil Rights Movement Grows

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The Civil Rights Movement Grows
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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Started by Dr. Martin Luther King
• For young people (HS and college age) to
  participate in the movement
• Non-violence is essential

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SNCCs Robert Moses pushed voter registration in
the South
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Trouble at Ole Miss

• James Meredith - black student enrolled at
  University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
• MS Gov. Ross Barnett keeps Meredith out
• JFK sends federal marshals to help and violence
  breaks out - 2 killed
• Meredith registers and graduates in 1963 (troops
  remained with him for protection)

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James Meredith portrait from 2007. In 2002,
Merediths son, Joseph Meredith, graduated from
the University of Mississippi as the most
outstanding doctoral student in the School of
Business Administration. Joseph had previously
earned degrees from Harvard and Millsaps College.
James Meredith said of the occasion, "I think
there's no better proof that white supremacy was
wrong than not only to have my son graduate, but
to graduate as the most outstanding graduate of
the school...That, I think, vindicates my whole
life.
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Birmingham, 1963

• Spring, 1963 - MLK targets Birmingham, AL for
  desegregation
• Civil disobedience - unwillingness to follow
  unfair laws.
• MLK and others, including children arrested
• Police use fire hoses and dogs to break up
  demonstrations
• Television capture the events and Americans feel
  for the protesters
• September 15 - KKK bombs 16th Street Baptist
  Church, killing four young girls

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March on Washington (8/28/63)

• Over 200,000 hear speeches by King and others
• People of all colors and backgrounds from every
  state show up
• Signs, songs, pins used
• We Shall Overcome - anthem of the movement
• MLK delivers the I Have a Dream Speech.

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Freedom Summer (1964)

• LBJ passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Civil rights workers, SNCC travel about the South
  registering people to vote
• Many areas still have poll taxes, etc. to stop
  blacks from voting

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The Freedom Summer Murders
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Right to Vote

• SNCC organizes a protest in Selma, AL of denial
  of black vote
• Group decides to march to Montgomery, AL (54
  miles)
• Bloody Sunday - after crossing the Pettus Bridge,
  AL state troopers attack the group with teargas
  and nightsticks
• President Johnson gives a televised speech saying
  We Shall Overcome and urging Congress to pass
  the Voting Rights Act of 1965

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The Bloody Sunday march across the Edmund
Pettus Bridge in Montgomery, AL
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Race Riots

• Not all protests were non-violent
• Watts Riot - In LA, a week long race riot killed
  34 people
• Several others follow

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Dr. King Assassinated

• April 4, 1968 - MLK shot and killed in a Memphis,
  TN hotel
• Sets off riots in 100 cities

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Presidents Kennedy and Johnson
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Election of 1960

• Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeats
  Republican Richard Nixon
• Television was very important
• Kennedys Inaugural Address - Ask not what your
  country can do for you but what you can do for
  your country.

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JFKs Domestic Policies

• New Frontier - more federal aid for poor and
  education
• Focused on civil rights but gets nothing passed
  (too inexperienced?)

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Kennedy Asssassinated

• November 22, 1963 - killed in a Dallas, Texas
  parade after being warned not to go
• Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ)
  becomes President
• Lee Harvey Oswald accused of the murder, but
  killed before trial

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Lyndon B. Johnson

• Wants to do several things
• Reduce poverty
• Promote equality
• Rebuild decaying cities
• Great politician who was in Congress for 22 years
  and knew how to get things done - quietly and
  behind-the-scenes

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Johnson Accomplishments

• Medicare (1965) - health insurance for elderly
  paid by Social Security
• Medicaid (1965) - health and medical insurance
  for low income families
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Banned discrimination (race, gender, religious)
  in employment, voting, public places
• Voters Rights Act of 1965
• Federal officials can force locals to allow
  blacks to vote

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Other Groups Push for Civil Rights

• Women, Latino Farmers, Native Americans, Disabled

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Womens Rights

• National Organization for Women (NOW) - pushes
  for equality for women in jobs, education and
  marriage
• Title IX (1971) - schools must provide equal
  number of sports for women as men changes the
  role of women
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - wanted equality of
  sexes in all areas of life not not get enough
  states to support it
• Sandra Day OConnor - First female Justice to
  Supreme Court when nominated by Reagan in 1981.

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Title IX
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Justice (ret.) Sandra Day OConnor
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Farm Workers Organize

• Migrant farmers, many of whom are Mexican
  American, travel from job to job and work long
  hours
• Cesar Chavez - heads the United Farm Workers
  (UFW) union in early 1960s
• UFW uses strikes and boycotts to shorten hours
  and increase pay

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Native Americans

• Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 - protects the
  constitutional rights of Native Americans and
  allows Native Americans to make own laws on
  reservations

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Americans with Disabilities

• Education for all Handicapped Children Act (1975)
• children with disabilities have the right to an
  equal education. 
• Schools must provide special services to meet
  needs. 
• Allows handicapped to be educated and pursue
  better lives than would have otherwise been
  possible