Matter chapter 3

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Matterchapter 3
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Matter

• Anything that has mass occupies space
• Mass measured in grams or kilograms
• Space/volume measured in liters or cm3

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Phases

• SOLIDS
• LIQUIDS
• GASES

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• Solid
• definite volume
• definite shape

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• Liquid
• definite volume
• indefinite shape
  
• takes the shape of container

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• Gas
• indefinite volume
• indefinite shape
  
• takes the shape and volume of container

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States of Matter

1. How are the particles packed in each phase?
2. How do the particles move in each phase?
3. Why do liquids and gases flow?
4. Why are gases so easy to compress?

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4th Phase of matter

• Plasma
• exists in stars
• electrons are stripped from atoms

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Physical Properties

• Describe appearance form of matter

• Descriptive words
• color, texture, luster, odor
• solid, liquid, gas
• Measurements
• a number and a unit

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Intensive properties

• Physical Constants
• independent of sample size
• Density, freezing point, and melting point
• Solubility in water (g/ml)

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Extensive Properties

• Extensive properties (mass ? volume) depend on
  quantity (amount) of matter in sample

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Chemical Properties

• Describe how
• matter behaves in presence of other matter
• matter changes into another kind of matter
• examples
• Flammability
• resistance to corrosion
• ability to neutralize acids or bases

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Properties of Copper

• Physical Prop.
• reddish brown
• shiny
• malleable
• Ductile
• good conductor
• density 8.92 g/cm3
• mp 1085?C
• bp 2570?C

• Chemical Prop.
• reacts to form green copper carbonate
• forms deep blue solution when in contact with NH3
• forms new substances with HNO3

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Physical Change

• form or appearance of matter may change but
  identity remains same
• cutting, crushing, grinding,tearing
• phase changes
• dissolving

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Dissolving

• Dissolving is physical change
• think of sugar in water
• still have sugar sugar molecules just spread
  out between water molecules
• C6H12O6(s) ? C6H12O6(aq)

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Phase Changes

• Phase changes are physical changes
• No new substance is created (chemical formula
  stays the same)
• Ex
• ice melting H2O(s) ? H2O(l)
• water boiling H2O (l) ? H2O(g)

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Chemical Change

• chemical change - identity of matter is changed
• new substance with own unique properties is
  formed
• chemical formula changes
• Ex 2H2O(l) ? 2H2(g) O2(g)

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Burning

• common name for oxidation reaction
• indicates matter reacting with oxygen
• is chemical change - original substance is
  changed into new kind(s) of matter
• Ex
• CH4(g) 2O2(g) ? CO2(g) 2H2O(g)

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What kinds of matter are there?
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Mixtures ? Separated by physical
methods Compounds ? Separated by chemical methods
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Element

• substance that
• cannot be broken down (decomposed) into simpler
  substance
• only 1 kind of atom
• has definite properties
• formulas have 1 uppercase letter

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• Element Song

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Atom

• smallest particle of element that retains
  properties of element
• smallest particles of element that can undergo a
  chemical reaction

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Compounds

• 2 or more elements chemically combined in a
  definite ratio
• properties are different from those of elements
  formed from
• homogeneous
• broken into elements by chemical decomposition
  reaction
• formulas have 2 or more uppercase letters

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Cl(g)
Na(s)
2Na Cl2 ? 2NaCl
NaCl(s)
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Mixtures

• combo of 2 or more pure substances
• physically combined not chemically combined
• each substance retains its own identity and
  properties

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Mixtures

• variable composition
• no unique properties
• (think of sugar and salt mixed together)
• separated by physical methods
• may be homogeneous or heterogeneous

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Types of Mixtures
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• homogeneous constant composition throughout,
  single phase
• ex solutions (all 3 phases)
• such as air, windex, kool-aid

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• heterogeneous See a boundary or regions that
  look different
• ex ice water, granite
• suspensions, colloids

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Suspensions

• particles in suspensions are larger than those in
  solutions
• components of suspension can be evenly
  distributed by mechanical means (shaking the
  contents) but components will settle out

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Colloids

• particles larger than size of molecule but
  smaller than particles seen with naked eye
• colloidal dispersion
• consists of colloids in a dispersing medium
• ex whipped cream,
• mayonnaise, milk,
• butter, gelatin, jelly,
• colored glass

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Colloid subtypes
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• Aerosols
• solid or liquid particles in gasEx
• Smoke solid in a gas
• Fog liquid in a gas

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• Sols
• solid particles in a liquid
• ex Milk of Magnesia (solid magnesium
• hydroxide in water)

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• Emulsions
• liquid particles in liquid
• ex mayonnaise oil in water

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• Gels
• liquids in solidex
• gelatin protein in water
• quicksand sand in water

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Hints for Mixtures

• solutions in gas liquid phases
• transmit light
• particles not big enough to scatter light
• look translucent
• suspensions look cloudy
• particles big enough to scatter light
• settle on standing

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CuSO4(aq)
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Particle Diagrams
atoms of a monatomic element
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?
molecules of a diatomic element
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?
?
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Particle Diagrams
molecules of a triatomic compound
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?
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mixture monatomic element, diatomic element,
triatomic compound
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Separating Mixtures

• physically combined
• separation based on physical properties
• sorting size appearance
• filtration size solid in liquid
• distillation different bps liquids mixed
• crystallization solubility solid in liquid
• magnet magnetization
• chromatography solubility liquids mixed
• Travel ability

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Distillation
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Paper Chromatograhy
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Crystallization
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Conservation of Mass

• mass begin with mass end up with
• of atoms before
• of atoms after