The Beginnings of Civilization-One

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The Beginnings of Civilization-One

• Mrs. Cox
• Paisley IB
• World History
• ONE

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Vocabulary

• 1. artifacts
• 2. culture
• 3. hominids
• 4.Mary Leakey
• 5. Donald Johanson
• 6. Louis Leakey
• 7. Paleolithic Era
• 8. nomads
• 9. hunter-gatherers
• 10. animism
• 11. Neolithic Era
• 12. Neolithic Revolution
• 13. domestication
• 14. Pastoralists
• 15. Megaliths
• 16. Bronze Age
• 17. Surplus
• 18. Division of Labor
• 19. Traditional economy

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Questions for Study 1

• 1. Name two famous anthropologists and their
  discoveries.
• 2. How did human ancestors cross from one
  continent to another?
• 3. Give six examples of Stone Age Technology.
• 4. Describe the art work of hunter-gatherers.

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Questions 1

• 5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?
• 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on
  early people?
• 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from
  this time period.
• 8. What was one of the major changes in society
  around 7000 BC?
• 9. Why did trade increase as food increased?
• 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural
  societies.
• 11.Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars
  learned from him?

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Questions 1

• 12. What was the result of irrigation?
• 13. Name the four ways in which early cities
  differed from villages.
• 14. Name two main characteristics of early
  civilizations.
• 15. Name four early civilizations.
• 16. Why did systems of writing develop?
• 17. What factors led to changes in early
  civilizations?

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Studying The Distant Past

• To study prehistory, the time before written
  records, scientists use a wide variety of clues.
• They look to artifacts such as tools, art, tombs,
  and weapons left behind by ancient people.
• These scientists include anthropologists, who
  study human culture, or a societys knowledge,
  art, beliefs, customs, and values.

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Studying The Distant Past

• Anthropologists called archaeologists dig into
  settlements to find objects used by early people.
  
• Workers then use tools to unearth objects people
  have left behind.
• By analyzing the remains archaeologists find,
  they can draw conclusions about long-ago peoples
  lives and culture.

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Human Origins

• Based on bones and footprints that have been
  found, many experts believe that hominids are
  early ancestors of humans. Anthropologists made
  several significant discoveries in East Africa.
• In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones that
  were more than 1.5 million years old.
• Donald Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine
  skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.

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Human Origins

• Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and walked
  upright.
• Recently, a French team in Central Africa found
  6-7 million-year-old remains with features from
  an Australopithecine and a chimpanzee.
• Louis Leakey found hominid remains he called Homo
  habilis, which he believed was more closely
  related to modern humans than Lucy.

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Human Origins

• A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or
  upright man, appeared 2 to 1.5 million years
  ago.
• More intelligent than earlier hominids, they
  used more advanced tools like flint hand axes.
• Scientists also think that Homo erectus was the
  first hominid to control fire.
• Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared 200,000
  years ago in Africa.

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Human Origins

• Homo sapiens have larger brains than earlier
  hominids, developed more sophisticated tools and
  shelters, and eventually learned to create fire.
• Homo sapiens were probably also the first
  hominids to develop language.

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Spreading Around The World

• Early human ancestors began to migrate around the
  world from Africa to Asia and beyond.
• About 1.6 million years ago, long periods of
  freezing temperatures caused ice sheets to cover
  the land and lower ocean levels.
• These times were called ice ages. They created
  bridges of land between continents, which
  hominids could cross.
• In time, hominids died out and early humans began
  to migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on
  all continents except Antarctica.

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Spreading Around The World

• Two early groups of Homo sapiens that developed
  as people moved around the world were
  Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals lived
  about 35,000 to 150,000 years ago.
• Cro-Magnons appeared about 45,000 years ago.
• They were physically identical to modern humans.
• They left behind fine tools, figurines, and cave
  art.

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Life In The Stone Age

• Early humans lived during the Stone Age, which is
  divided into three sections based on the kinds of
  tools used at the time.
• The first part of the Stone Age is called the
  Paleolithic Era, a time in which people used
  tools made of stone.
• People lived as nomads, moving from place to
  place following migrating animal herds.

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Life In The Stone Age

• As the Stone Age continued, new technology helped
  early humans survive and improve life.
• People made tools from chipped stones, wood, and
  bone.
• They invented spears for easier hunting.
• Other technological developments included the bow
  and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, needles for
  sewing clothes from animal skins, and shelters
  called pit-houses.

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Life In The Stone Age

• Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers
  because they hunted animals and gathered the
  fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food.
• People also made art as well as musical
  instruments.
• Elaborate images of people and animals were
  painted on rocks and in caves.
• They may have been created to honor the spirits
  of the people and animals, a belief called
  animism.
• Figures were also carved out of many different
  materials such as animal teeth and bone.

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The New Stone Age

• After the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic Era,
  or New Stone Age.
• People learned to make tools and weapons with
  sharper edges, which led to the development of
  chisels, drills, and saws.

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Development of Agriculture

• The lives of early people changed dramatically
  about 10,000 years ago.
• People began to grow crops. By growing their food
  instead of just hunting animals and gathering
  food, early people greatly improved their chances
  of survival and forever changed history.
• The shift to farming is called the Neolithic
  Revolution.

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Development of Agriculture

• Farming started around the time the last ice age
  ended.
• Wild grains such as barley and wheat appeared due
  to the warmer weather.
• People began to gather the wild grains for food.
• This new food source caused the populations to
  grow and need even more food.
• In time, people experimented with planting seeds
  and learned to farm.

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Development of Agriculture

• Then, people began to practice domestication, the
  selective growing or breeding of plants and
  animals to make them more useful to humans.
• Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and
  sheep were also domesticated.

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Development of Agriculture

• Farming spread around the world at different
  rates.
• Some areas had plants and animals that were
  easier to domesticate than those in other places.
  
• Locations with similar climates transitioned to
  farming at about the same time, such as China and
  Central America.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Agriculture allowed the world population to grow
  by providing a better food supply.
• It also change peoples way of life.
• Some people became pastoralists, ranging over
  wide areas and keeping herds of livestock to use
  for food and other materials.
• Others began staying in the same place and
  settling into permanent villages.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• By about 7000 BC some settlements grew into
  towns.
• Now, instead of hunting and gathering food, many
  people worked in the fields and tended livestock.
  
• Since more food was available, some people could
  spend more time doing activities other than food
  production.
• For example, some people became skilled at
  making crafts or tools.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• As people produced extra food and products,
  trade increased.
• Settlements traded with each other to obtain
  materials and products they lacked.
• Societies became more complex and prosperous,
  and differences in social status began to emerge.
• Some people gained more wealth and influence
  than others.
• Others rose to positions of authority such as
  overseeing the planting and harvesting or running
  building projects.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Because men performed the heavier work in
  farming, they often held positions of authority.
• As a result, men began to gain dominance and
  status over women in many agricultural societies.
• Societies began to build structures such as
  megaliths for religious purposes.
• Megaliths are huge stone monuments that some
  Neolithic people in Europe built for burial or
  spiritual purposes.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Agricultural societies also had some negative
  effects.
• Warfare increased as societies fought over land
  and resources.
• Crop failures made life difficult for people
  dependent on farming.
• Disease increased and spread rapidly among groups
  of people.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Technology continued to develop.
• Animals pulled plows to produce larger fields of
  crops.
• Pestles and grindstones were used to prepare
  grains.
• Pottery was used for cooking and storing food.
• Wool from goats and sheep was weaved into cloth.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• When people began to use metal the Stone Age gave
  way to the Bronze Age.
• Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin that
  produces objects that are stronger and harder
  than copper alone.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is an example
  of a Neolithic village.
• Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived there around
  6000 BC.
• The village covered more than 30 acres, making
  it the largest Neolithic site that archaeologists
  have found.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Our knowledge of Neolithic societies continues to
  increase due to recent discoveries.
• In 1991 in the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-old
  frozen hunter nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found
  by hikers.
• The cold had preserved his clothing and
  belongings, adding to scholars information about
  this time period.

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From Villages to Cities

• Over time, farmers worked to increase the food
  production of their farms.
• Their most important advance was the irrigation
  system, a network of canals or ditches linking
  crop fields to streams or to water storage
  basins.
• Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in
  drier conditions, producing more food.
• Some farmers began to produce a surplus, or
  excess, of food.
• Surplus food allowed villages to support larger
  populations.

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From Villages To Cities

• Now that fewer people were needed to produce
  food, some people could devote all of their time
  to specialized jobs like making tools or weapons.
  
• Others became weavers, potters, or religious
  leaders.
• Division of labor refers to the economic
  arrangement that allows workers to specialize in
  a particular job or task.

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From Villages to Cities

• Division of labor is different than the system of
  traditional economies that early farming villages
  had used.
• In a traditional economy, custom, tradition, or
  ritual is the basis of economic decisions.
• Having surplus food allowed villages to grow into
  cities because not everyone had to farm.
• Cities differ from early villages in four ways.

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From Villages to Cities

• First, they are larger and more populated.
• Second, city populations usually included many
  unrelated people who came from a wide area.
• Third, most early cities had a defined center
  containing palaces, temples, government
  buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries,
  often marked by defensive walls.
• Fourth, early cities served as centers of trade
  for merchants and farmers from the surrounding
  villages.
• The first known city was Uruk, located between
  the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now
  Iraq.

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The First Civilizations

• Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of
  early cities.
• The first civilizations grew up along river
  valleys that had enough fertile land to produce
  food to support a growing population.
• Civilizations use record keeping and have social
  classes, specialization of labor, government,
  religion, and arts.
• Major cities in early river valley civilizations
  include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and Euphrates
  rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on the Nile River
  in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River in
  India, and Anyang near the Huang He in China.

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The First Civilizations

• Governments in the first civilizations created
  laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes, and
  organized defense.
• Religious institutions included priests who
  performed rituals, such as sacrificing animals,
  to try to gain the gods favor.
• Priests often became powerful and closely
  connected with governments.

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The First Civilizations

• As cities grew, the division of labor increased,
  and many new jobs developed.
• Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created
  useful everyday objects such as baskets and
  pottery.
• Over time, clear social classes emerged.
• Rulers and priests had the highest positions,
  followed by merchants, artisans, farmers and
  unskilled workers.
• Slaves often formed the bottom of the social
  order.

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The First Civilizations

• Systems of writing developed about 5,000 years
  ago in order to keep records such as tax records.
  
• Calendars developed to help farmers keep track of
  the changing seasons.
• Most public buildings in large cities featured
  elaborate statues of gods and rulers.
• Art and architecture reflected the wealth and
  power of the city and its leaders.

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Changes in Civilizations

• Civilizations constantly changed once they were
  established.
• Something as simple as the weather could help a
  city growor destroy it with drought.
• People still had to deal with disease and
  warfare.
• Early civilizations met challenges with new
  technologies and knowledge from other societies.
• Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural
  diffusion.
• For example, artisans adopted styles from other
  civilizations and traders learned multiple
  languages.

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Changes in Civilization

• Civilizations went to war to control rich
  farmland, important sea ports, or regions with
  valuable resources.
• Through conquest, civilizations expanded their
  control over land and people.
• Conflicts also arose between civilizations and
  nomadic groups, who sometimes launched raids on
  villages and cities.
• Further conflicts also arose as nomads and
  farmers competed over land.