Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry
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Organic Compounds

• Compounds that have
• Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to
  hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous,
  chlorine OR fluorine
• COVALENT BONDS
• Can be natural (ex. sugar) or synthetic (ex.
  plastic)

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Organic molecules

• All contain CARBON
• Can covalently bond w/ 4 other atoms
• Holds electrons
  tightly forms
  STRONG BONDS

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Chemical Composition

• Living organisms
  50-95 water
• The rest CHNOPS
• Less than 1/2 vital ions
• Ca2, Na, Mg2, etc.

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4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules Essential to
Living Things

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Carbohydrates (sugars)

• (CH2O)(2-8) basic formula
• Simple sugars quick energy source
• Glucose, fructose
• Form rings when in water

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Disaccharides

• Transport molecules
• Sucrose (sap in plants)
• Lactose, Maltose

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Polysaccharides

• Storage (starches)
• Structural support (cellulose, chitin)

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Monomers to Polymers

• Condensation links single units
• Saves space
• Hydrolysis breaks chains apart
• Releases energy

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Saccharide Formation

• Condensation links monosaccharides

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Starches

• Main storage molecules in plants
• Chains of simple sugars that must be broken
  down before they can be used

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Glycogen

• Main storage molecule in animals
• Stored in muscles
• Broken down when glucose is no longer available

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Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)

• LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are insoluble in
  water (nonpolar)
• Fats store energy 6 times better than starch,
  carry more energy-rich bonds

Fatty acid - carbon chain carboxyl unit
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Fats

• Glycerol
• 3 fatty acids
• Joined by conden-sation

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Saturated Vs. Unsaturated

• Saturated single bonds ONLY in carbon chain
• Carbons saturated w/ hydrogen

• Unsaturated double or triple bonds

Unsaturated
Saturated
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Blubber

• Fats that DON'T get converted
• Vital as an insulating layer
• Fats around
  organs arent
  converted
• Shock
  absorbers

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Steroids

• Cholesterol (saturated)
• Parent molecule of many steriods

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Proteins

• Can form enzymes
• Act as organic catalysts
• Allow reactions to occur in living bodies at
  safe temperatures

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Nucleotides (DNA, RNA)

• Nitrogenous base sugar phosphate molecule
• Form the code of life

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Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides ? Disaccharides ?
  Polysaccharides (Condensation Reaction)
• Lipids
• Fats, Oils, Waxes
• (Saturated vs. Unsaturated)
• Proteins
• Chains of Amino Acids (20 different amino acids)
• Enzymes
• Nucleic Acids
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic
  Acid)
• Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)