High Middle Ages

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High Middle Ages

• Mr. Stikes

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• SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval
  society with regard to culture, politics,
  society, and economics.
• b. Describe the political impact of Christianity
  include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of
  Germany (Holy Roman Emperor).

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Important Figures

• Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) - Pope

• King Henry IV (1056-1106)
• King of Holy Roman Empire

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The Church and Politics

• How did the church influence politics? Best
  example
• Lay Investiture Controversy (1074-1122)
• Lay Investiture Lay (non-church) leaders kings
  wanted to appoint clergy (church) leaders
  bishops

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Lay Investiture Controversy (1074-1122)

• Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture (meaning on
  he could appoint bishops) King Henry IV of Holy
  Roman Empire does not want to give up this power

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Lay Investiture Controversy (1074-1122)

• Gregory VII threatens to excommunicate Henry.
  Henry tried to depose the pope (take him out of
  office)
• Pope tells Henrys vassals they no longer have to
  listen to him
• Henrys lords rebel defeat him at Canossa
  (1077)

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Lay Investiture Controversy (1074-1122)

• Ends with Concordat of Worms (1122)
• Emperor lost the right to appoint bishops while
  retaining the right to grant them land and
  secular political power
• Long Term Results
• Political destabilization in central Europe until
  1870s
• Germany and Italy not unified, unlike France and
  England

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Height of Medieval Papal Power

• Innocent III (1198-1216)
• Goal unite all of Christendom under papal rule
  to able to bring right order to the world
• How? Crusades against heretics and to the Middle
  East

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• SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval
  society with regard to culture, politics,
  society, and economics.
• c. Explain the role of the church in medieval
  society.

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The Role of the Church

• Christians throughout Western Europe recognized
  the Pope as the supreme spiritual leader.
• Pope could provide legitimacy to a leader
• ex. crowning of Charlemagne
• In return, leaders provided military support
• ex. - Donation of Pepin Holy Roman Empire will
  protect Rome

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• So Secular leaders provided military strength
• in exchange for
• Recognition of Papal (i.e. Gods)
  support

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Problems in Europe

• 9th and 10th centuries Viking invasions leaves a
  power vacuum the Church is the sole unified
  power throughout Europe

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Problems in Europe

• Problems with the church
• Illiterate parish priests
• Bishops appointed by kings often immoral

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Reforms in Europe

• Monasticism
• Tradition of Christians living outside the world
  began in Egypt (hermits)
• Gradually, monasteries developed.
• Important
• Monasteries Cluny
• Orders Franciscans, Dominicans
• Reformers Francis of Assisi - (1182- 1226)
  preached a life of total poverty, charity and
  good works, and love for all became one of the
  largest and most powerful of the monastic orders

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Reforms in Europe

• Inquisition
• Founded by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 to root out
  heresy became misused
• Popular Movements
• Albigensians who rejected the leadership of the
  Church and marriage, all forms of materialism,
  and cooperation with the state
• Waldensians founded by Peter Waldo, who preached
  poverty, a strict moral life, and the use of the
  vernacular language

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• SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval
  society with regard to culture, politics,
  society, and economics.
• d. Describe how increasing trade led to the
  growth of towns and cities.

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Agriculture increased
• Reasons
• End of invasions from Eastern Europe/Asia
• Cultivation/clearing of new land
• Spread of new techniques and technology (crop
  rotation, metal plow, horse collar)
• Use of wind and water mills to provide power

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Increase in food
• Population growth
• Revival of trade, rise of towns

(remember, excess food usually leads to
technological innovation)
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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Revival of trade
• Reasons
• Surplus food allows for specialization
• Crusades encourage trade from Italy to Middle
  East/Constantinople
• Cities like Pisa, Genoa, Milan and Venice take
  lead
• Europeans want luxury goods like spices, silks
• Stable government in Kievan Rus
  (Russiaremember?) allows for trade to N. Europe
• Sea trade via Baltic Sea, rivers, Black Sea

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Revival of trade
• Results
• Rise of money economy in Europe (Why?)
• Beginning of banking system

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Rise of cities
• Reasons
• Excess food supplies
• Increased Trade

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Rise of cities
• Results
• Rise of a middle class
• Had no place in feudal system
• Master artisans, merchants
• Belief in individual initiative
• Began to demand role in government

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Rise of cities
• Results
• Rise of Guilds
• Guild medieval business association of
  merchants or crafts workers
• Purpose control price, quality
• Levels of skill apprentice, journeyman, master

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High Middle Ages in Europe A.D.
1050-1300

• Rise of cities
• Results
• Freedom
• Outside feudal system, serfs could become free
  and advance in cities
• Money allowed large building projects and
  provided protection

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Assignment

• Create a study guide including the following
• Crusades Why do they matter?
• Gregory VII
• Henry IV (HRE)
• Lay Investiture
• Concordat of Worms
• Relationship between church and politics
• 2 Problems with the Medieval church
• 3 Reforms of the Medieval church
• How agriculture revived trade, which in turn led
  to the rise of cities.