The Triumph of Industry

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The Triumph of Industry
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Technology Industrial Growth

• The Civil War forced industries to become more
  efficient, employing new tools and methods like
  never before.
• The countrys growth was fueled by its vast
  supply of natural resources (coal,oil)
• Due to several factors many new immigrants came
  to America hoping for a fresh start.
• Entrepreneurs fueled industrialization.

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Government Policies

• To encourage buying American goods, Congress
  passed protective tariffs, which placed heavy
  taxes on imported goods.
• The government also encouraged laissez-faire
  policies, which minimized the govts role in
  business.

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Innovation Drives the Nation

• During the 1800s the govt issued more patents
  than ever before.
• Thomas Edisons light bulb revolutionized the
  industrial world by allowing businesses to work
  24hrs a day to increase product and profit.
• The Bessemer process was used in the construction
  of suspension bridges. (Brooklyn Bridge)
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_edison

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Linking the Nation by Rail

• As railroads expanded, they made use of new
  technologies and encouraged innovation.
• Using air brakes and refrigerated cars by 1883
  there were 3 transcontinental railroad lines in
  the U.S.
• In 1884, the world was divided into 24 time
  zones, which was adopted by the railroad.
• Railroads also led to the mass production of
  goods to meet the growing demands of an expanding
  country.

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The Rise of Big Business

• To take advantage of expanding markets, investors
  developed a form of group ownership known as a
  corporation.
• Some corporations tried to gain a monopoly by
  buying out its competitors and driving them out
  of business.
• John D. Rockefeller made deals with railroads to
  increase his profits. (Oil Industry)
• Andrew Carnegie gained power by diversifying his
  interests among different businesses. (Steel
  Industry)

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Social Darwinism

• Based on the ideas of Charles Darwins work the
  Origin of Species.
• Yale professor Graham Sumner applied Darwins
  theory to explain American capitalism.
• Wealth was a measure of ones value and those who
  had it were the most fit.
• Believed against helping the poor.

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Government Regulation

• Interstate Commerce Commission Regulate
  Railroads.
• In 1890, the Senate passed the Sherman Antitrust
  Act, which outlawed any trust that operated in
  restraint of trade and commerce among several
  states.
• Many big businesses used the Act to their
  advantage saying labor unions restricted trade.
• The Act began a trend toward federal limitation
  on corporations power.

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The Organized Labor Movement

• In the 1880s and 1890s, factory owners took
  advantage of immigrants who would work for low
  wages.
• Factory owners often treated the workers like
  machinery.
• Sweatshops employed thousands of people, mostly
  women, who worked long hours on machines making
  mass-produced goods.

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Labor Unions Form

• Factory workers used collective bargaining to
  argue for better working conditions and higher
  wages.
• The views of Karl Marx became known as Socialism
  and focused on public rather than private control
  of property and income. (Communist Manifesto)

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Labor Unions Cont.

• In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens founded the Knights
  of Labor to help unite workers across the
  country.
• Terence V. Powderly led the Knights at their
  height and made them a more public organization.
• In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American
  Federation of Labor (AFL).
• The AFL was a union for more skilled laborers.

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Strikes Rock the Nation

• On May 1, 1886, thousands of workers mounted a
  national demonstration for an 8-hr workday.
• The Haymarket Riot, three days later, raised
  suspicion about the motives for labor unions in
  the U.S.

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The Homestead Strike

• Henry Frick tried to cut workers wages at
  Carnegie Steel, union called for a strike.
• Frick hired the Pinkerton police to end the
  strike.
• Several workers were killed and the factory later
  opened under militia protection.

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Pinkerton Police
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The Pullman Strike of 1894

• The company made sleeping cars for trains and had
  plans to cut wages by 25 and lay off workers.
• Pullman fired three workers who attempted to
  negotiate a settlement.
• Eugene V. Debs represented the workers.
• The strike affected the mail service and was
  stopped by federal troops.

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Pullman Workers