Explain the gross anatomy and functions of the respiratory system.

1
The Respiratory System

• Explain the gross anatomy and functions of the
  respiratory system.
• Discuss the structure and functions of the upper
  and lower respiratory tracts in detail, including
  a description of the histology in each region.
• Identify the pleural cavities, its membranes and
  the muscles of ventilation.

Medical ppt
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2
Respiratory System Function

• Major Functions
• Upper respiratory system
• Air conditioning
• Defense against pathogens
• Lower respiratory system
• Speech other respiratory sounds
• Gas exchange
• Maintenance of homeostasis, e.g. pH

Fig 24-1
3
Respiratory Epithelium
Mucus escalator

• Structure?
• Mucus produced by ________

• Defense by means of
• filtering hairs
• ciliary escalator
• sticky mucous

4
Nasal Conchae

• Superior, middle and inferior
• Other name Turbinate bones because they create
  ______
• Advantage ?
• ! Respirator breathing !

Fig 24.3
5
Upper Respiratory System

• 1) Nose
• external and internal nares
• turbinates or conchae (superior, middle, and
  inferior)
• nasal septum
• hard palate
• 2) Pharynx - shared passageway for respiratory
  and digestive systems
• nasopharynx - part above uvula and posterior to
  internal nares
• oropharynx portion visible in mirror when mouth
  is wide open
• uvula - posterior edge of soft palate
• laryngopharynx between the hyoid bone the
  esophagus

Fig 24.3c
6
Lower Respiratory System
C3
C4

• Anything below Pharynx
• Larynx Cartilaginous cylinder (from C4-
  C7) 
• Made up of 9 cartilages
•  3 large unpaired (know these!)
•  3 small paired (involved in construction of
  voice box
• Stabilized by ??

C5
C6
C7
Fig 24.4
7
Trachea

• Passageway to lungs (attached via ligament to ?)
• Lining ?
• Incomplete cartilage rings (C-shaped) -
  completed by trachealis muscle. Significance?
• Annular ligament

Fig 24-7
8
Tracheal Blockage
Heimlich Maneuver or abdominal thrust
or
Tracheostomy
9
From Bronchi to Lungs
Fig 24.9

• 1? bronchi (enter lungs at hilus, complete
  cartilage rings)
• 2? bronchi (from now on cartilage plates)
• 3? bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Terminal bronchioles
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs

Conducting portion
Fig 24.11
Respiratory portion
10
Paired Lungs

• Situated in _________
• Subdivided into lobes (each supplied by 2?
  bronchus)
• Right lung 3 lobes (rel. broad and short)
• Left lung 2 lobes (long and narrow)
• Right and left lung separated by __________
• Lung hilus

Fig 24-8
Why?
Fig 24-8
11
Alveolar Organization

• Alveoli are site of gas exchange
• Close association with capillaries
• Lots of elastic fibers in alveolar wall
• Alveolar cells
• Type I cells respiratory epitheliocytes
• Type II cells septal cells produce
  surfactant
• Alveolar Macrophages dust cells phagocytic

Fig 24-11
Fig 24-12
12
Respiratory Membrane

• Different from respiratory epithelium
• Super thin. Made up of 4 layers
• epithelium of alveolus
• its basement membrane back to back and fused to
  the
• basement membrane of capillary endothelium
• endothelium of capillary

13
Emphysema
Chronic progressive enlargement of alveoli
accompanied by destruction of their wall Due to
prolonged exposure to respiratory irritants (??)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Pleural Cavities and Membranes

• Two cavities separated by mediastinum
• Lining of cavities?
• pleurisy
• Pneumothorax
• Conducting blood supply to the lungs via
  bronchial arteries. Venous return to pulmonary
  veins (consequence ?)

Fig 24-13
16
Pulmonary Embolism
See p. 805
Causes for development of emboli in veins of
legs Immobilization Trauma Long surgeries
Oral contraceptives Obesity Cigarette
smoking Hypertension
17
Respiratory Muscles

• Diaphragm depresses ? inhalation
• External intercostals elevate ribs ? inhalation
• Internal intercostals depress ribs ? active
  exhalation
• Accessory muscles - serratus anterior, scalenes,
  pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, internal
  and external obliques, transverse abdominus,
  rectus abdominus

Fig 24-14
18
the end
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