Introduction To Anatomy

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Introduction To Anatomy Physiology

• Characteristics of Living Things
• The Sciences of Anatomy Physiology
• Levels of Organization
• Introduction to Organ Systems
• Homeostasis System Integration
• Regions of the Human Body
• Sectional Planes Anatomical Directions
• Body Cavities

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Introduction

• Characteristics of Living Things
• The Sciences of Anatomy Physiology
• Levels of Organization

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Learning Objectives

1. Describe the basic functions of living organisms
2. Define anatomy physiology list several
   subdisciplines of each
3. Identify the major levels of organization in
   living organisms from the simplest to the most
   complex Identify the major levels of organization
   in living organisms from the simplest to the most
   complex

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Characteristics Of Living Things

1. Ordered Structure
2. Response to Stimuli
3. Growth and Development
4. Reproduction
5. Movement
6. Metabolic Activity

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Ordered Structure
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Responsiveness
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Growth Differentiation
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Reproduction
Second Step
First Step
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Movement
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Metabolism
Excretion
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Metabolism

• The sum of all biochemical processes within the
  human body.

• Anabolism
• The synthesis of complex organic compounds from
  simpler precursors.
• Requires energy. Endergonic
• Catabolism
• The breakdown of complex organic compounds into
  simpler components.
• Releases energy. Exergonic

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Subdisciplines of Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• Physiology
• Cell Physiology
• Special Physiology
• Systemic Physiology
• Pathological Physiology

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Anatomical Disciplines

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology
• Study of cell structure.
• Ex muscle cell.
• Histology
• Study of tissue structure.
• Ex muscle tissue muscle cells satellite
  cells nerve cells etc.

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Anatomical Disciplines

• Gross Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Study of general form superficial markings.
• Ex tooth alignment, body contour, distribution
  of hair.
• Regional Anatomy
• Study of specific body areas.
• Ex head foot abdomen etc.

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Anatomical Disciplines

• Gross Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy
• Study of organ systems
• Ex cardiovascular system urinary system
  respiratory system.
• Developmental Anatomy
• Study of form changes between conception
  physical maturity
• Ex embryonic development fetal development
  sexual development.

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Physiological Disciplines

• Cell Physiology
• Study of chemical/molecular processes within
  cells chemical interaction between cells.
• Ex stem cell research oncology research.
• Special Physiology
• Study of the physiology of specific organs.
• Ex cardiac physiology renal physiology
  gastric physiology.

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Physiological Disciplines

• Systemic Physiology
• Study of the physiology of specific organ
  systems.
• Ex cardiovascular physiology respiratory
  physiology reproductive physiology.
• Pathological Physiology
• Study of the effects of diseases on organ and/or
  organ system functions.
• Ex tuberculosis malaria influenza AIDS.

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Levels Of Organization

• Subatomic
• Atomic
• Molecular
• Organelle
• Cellular

• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

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Atomic Structure
Proton / positive charge / plus sign

• Nucleus
• protons p
• neutrons n0
• Energy Levels
• electrons e-
• orbitals

Neutron / neutral charge/ no sign
Electron / negative charge / minus sign
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Atomic LevelAtoms are elements with specific
properties
Ex C, H, O, N
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Molecular LevelMolecules are combinations of
atoms
Ex Actin
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Organelle LevelOrganelles are made up of
different molecules
Myosin
Ex Sarcomere
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Cellular LevelCells are composed of various
organelles
Ex Cardiocyte
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Tissue LevelTissues are composed of several
cell types
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Organ LevelOrgans are composed of various
tissue types
(Ch 5-19)
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Organ System LevelOrgan systems are composed of
various organs
(Ch 5-12)
(Ch 13-19)
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Organism LevelOrganisms are composed of several
organ systems
I sure hope this dude is planning on taking a
break soon!!
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Introduction to Body Systems

• Integumentary System
• Skeletal Muscular Systems
• Nervous Endocrine Systems
• Cardiovascular Lymphatic Systems
• Respiratory System
• Digestive Urinary Systems
• Reproductive System

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Learning Objectives

1. List 11 organ system divisions of the human body
2. Identify the major component organs of each organ
   system
3. Discuss the major functions of each organ system

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Body System Overview

• Major System Organs
• Primary System Functions

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IntegumentarySystem
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Ch 5
SKIN
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Integumentary System
PROTECTION Against Environmental Hazards Helps
Control Body Temperature
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SkeletalSystem
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Ch 6
BONES
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Skeletal System
SUPPORT Protects Tissues Stores Minerals
Forms Blood LOCOMOTION
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MuscularSystem
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Ch 7
MUSCLES
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Muscular System
Movement Support Produces Heat
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NervousSystem
Ch 8 9
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Nervous System
Immediate RESPONSE To Stimuli COORDINATES Other
Organ Systems
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EndocrineSystem
Ch 10
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Endocrine System
Directs Long-term Responses Of Other Organ
Systems COORDINATION CONTROL
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CardiovascularSystem
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Ch 11 13
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Cardiovascular System
TRANSPORT Of Cells Dissolved Materials
Nutrients, Wastes, Gases
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Lymphatic System Immunity
Ch 14
44
Lymphatic System
H2O REGULATION IMMUNITY
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RespiratorySystem
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Ch 15
46
Respiratory System
GAS EXCHANGE btw Air Blood
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DigestiveSystem
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Ch 16 17
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Digestive System
Food PROCESSING ABSORPTION Of Nutrients
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UrinarySystem
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Ch 18
50
Urinary System
EXCRETION Of Waste, Excess H2O, Salts
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ReproductiveSystem
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Ch 19
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Reproductive System
PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES Produces Sex Cells
(Sperm) Hormones
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Reproductive System
PERPETUATION OF THE SPECIES Produces Sex Cells
(Eggs) Hormones
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System Integration
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So until next time, Adios amoebas!
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Homeostasis System Integration

• Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback
• Positive Feedback

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Learning Objectives

1. Explain the concept of homeostasis and its
   significance to living things
2. Describe how positive and negative feedback are
   involved in homeostatic regulation

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Homeostasis

• The steady-state physiological condition of a
  body
• The automatic tendency to maintain constant
  internal conditions despite changes in the
  external environment
• Maintained by feedback mechanisms especially
  feedback inhibition

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HomeostasisA Regulatory Process
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Negative Feedback Mechanism Homeostasis
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Control of Blood Sugar
Pancreas ß Cells
insulin
diet
LIVER GLYCOGEN
BLOOD C6H12O6
fast
Pancreas a Cells
glucagon
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Regulatory Mechanisms

• Negative feedback
• Feedback inhibition increasing amounts of an end
  product in a chemical synthesis pathway causes
  the reaction to slow down or stop
• Positive feedback
• Increasing amounts of an end product in a
  chemical synthesis pathway causes the reaction to
  speed up

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Negative Feedback

• An anabolic biosynthetic pathway produces a
  chemical product.
• The product interacts negatively with a catalytic
  enzyme in the pathway.
• As more product is produced, synthesis of product
  is reduced.
• Note
• less product more production of product.
• More product less production of product.

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Positive Feedback

• An anabolic biosynthetic pathway produces a
  chemical product.
• The product interacts positively with a catalytic
  enzyme in the pathway.
• As more product is produced, synthesis of product
  is increased.
• Note
• less product less production of product.
• More product more production of product.

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Positive Feedback Mechanism Homeostasis
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Reference Frames Anatomical Terminology

• Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks Body
  Regions
• Sectional Anatomy Dissection Planes Body
  Sections
• Body Cavities
• Anatomical Directions

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Learning Objectives

1. Use anatomical terms to describe body regions
2. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections
   relative positions
3. Identify the major body cavities and their
   subdivisions

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Anatomical Terminology
Many students already know

• Facial
• Nasal
• Oral
• Pectoral
• Abdominal
• Carpal
• Femoral
• Pelvic
• Pubic
• Mammary

• face
• nose
• mouth
• chest
• abdomen/stomach
• wrist
• thigh
• above genital region
• genital region
• breast

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Anatomical Terminology
All students should know
Previous list..

• Cranial
• Buccal
• Mental
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Axillary
• Brachial
• Antebrachial

• top of head
• cheek
• chin
• neck
• chest
• armpit
• upper arm
• lower arm

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Anatomical Terminology
All students should know
Previous list..

• Digital
• Phalangeal
• Dorsal
• Lumbar
• Gluteal
• Crural
• Sural
• Tarsal

• fingers or toes
• finger or toe parts
• back (upper)
• lower back
• buttocks
• lower leg (front)
• lower leg (calf)
• ankle

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Anatomical Terminology
All students should know
Previous list..

• Cephalic
• Frontal
• Inguinal
• Manual
• Palmar
• Pedal
• Plantar
• Calcaneal

• head
• forehead
• groin
• hand
• palm
• foot
• sole
• heel

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Body Regions
Anterior Anatomical Landmarks
Note the Anatomical Position
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Body Regions
Posterior Anatomical Landmarks
Note the Anatomical Position
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Abdominalpelvic Quadrants
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So until next time, Adios amoebas!
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Sectional Anatomy
Coronal plane usually referencing the head
Sagittal Planes Midsagittal (shown) Parasagitta
l (not shown)
Sectional Planes
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Sectional Anatomy
Sectional Planes
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Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions
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Anatomical Directions
Superficial
Anatomical Directions
Deep
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Anatomical Directions
Parietal
Anatomical Directions
Visceral
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Anatomical Directions
Cortical
Anatomical Directions
Medullary
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
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Body Cavity Relationships
85
So until next time, Adios amoebas!